Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at |http: //books .google .com/I
s^.^
381.5
OkJ^
.1
> 1
'i'-rTiiV^
303320036K
/•
/
1
•
t
DISCOVERIES
IN
HIEROGLYPHICAL LITERATURE.
\
AN ACCOUNT
OP
SOME RECENT DISCOVERIES
IN
HIEROGLYPHICAL LITERATURE,
AND
EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES.
INCLPDIlfO
THE AUTHOR'S ORIGINAL ALPHABET,
AS EXTENDED BY MR. CHAMPOLUON,
WITH A
TRANSLATION OF FIVE UNPUBLISHED GREEK AND
EGYPTIAN MANUSCRIPTS.
BY THOMAS YOUNG, M.D.F.R.S
FELLOW OF THB ROYAL COLLKGB OF PHYIICIAHI.
LONDON :
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1823.
TO ALEXANDER BARON VON HUMBOLDT,
AS A MARK OF THB HIGHEST RESPECT,
FOR THB EXTENT OF HIS KNOWLEDGE
AND THB ACCURACY OF HIS RESEARCH,
AS WELL AS
FOR HIS ARDENT ZEAL IN THB PROMOTION OF SCIENCE,
AND FOR HIS CANDOUR AND VIGILANCE
IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF LITERARY JUSTICE,
THIS WORK IS DEDICATED
BY HIS OBLIGED FBiEND,
THE AUTHOR.
*
T ^i
,. V . - - ^ -" ■ '-• * ■ - — » ^
\
VOLVBNDA DIES EN ATTULIT ULTROI
w
CONTENTS.
Page
Prefacb IX
CHAPrER I.
Introductory Sketch of the prevalent Opinions re-
specting Hieroglyphics ]
CHAPTER II.
Investigations founded on the Pillar of Rosetta • • 8
CHAPTER III.
Additional Inferences^ deduced from the Egyptian
Manuscripts, and from other Monuments . . 15
CHAPTER IV.
Collections of the French. — Mr. Drovetti. — Mr. Cham-
pollion's Discoveries 34
CHAPTER V.
Illustrations of the Manuscripts brought from Egypt
by Mr. Orey 55
CHAPTER VI.
Extracts from Diodorus and Herodotus ; relating to
Mummies 87
CHAPTER VII.
Extracts from Straho; Alphabet of Champottion;
Hieroglyphical and Enchorial Names . • .116
CHAPTER VIII.
Chronological History of the Ptolemies, extractedfrom
various Authors . '. 180
APPENDIX I.
Oreek text of the Manuscripts and Registries . . 145
APPENDIX II.
Specimens of Hieroglyphics 153
•
•
_rf -.
PREFACE-
A coMFiiETB confirmation of the principal
results, which I had some years tiince deduced,
irom an epuBination of the hieroglyphical
monuments of ancient Egypt, having been
very unexpectedly derived from the ulterior
researdbes of Mr. ChampoUion, and from the
flingu][ar good fortune of Mr. George Grey, I
cannot r^ist the! natural inclination, to make
a public claim to whatever credit may be
my due, for the labour that I have bestowed,
<^ an attempt to unveil the mystery, in which
Egyptian literature has been involved for
nearly twenty centuries.
- . * ^
If, indeed, I have not hitherto wholly
withheld from Hie public the results of my
inquiries, it has not been from the love of
PREFACE.
authorship only, nor from an impatience of
being the sole possessor of a secret treasure ;
but because I- was desirous of securing, at
least, for my country, what is justly consi-
dered as a desirable acquisition to every
country, the reputation of having enlarged
the boupdaries of human knowledge, and of
having contributed to extend the dominion
of the mind of man over time, and space,
and neglect, and obscurity. Coromi in
sACRis c£RTAMiNiBus non vtctoti dutuf^
sedv ATRIA ab eo coronari pronuntiatur. And
whatever vanity, or enthusiasm there mi^t be
in this sentiment, it .was* at least sincere and
unaffected.
In the mean time my Egyptian investi-
gations had been as laborious as they -had
been persevering : and - like many other
pursuits, in which I have been engaged, they
had been so little enlivened by any fortunate
coincidences, or unexpected facilities,' that
having occasion to adopt a motto for the sig-
PREFACE. XI
natures of some anonymous communications,
I had chosen the words fortunam ex aliis,
as appropriate to my own history. But the
new lights, which Mr. ChampoUion has ob-
tained, and the . marvellous accident of the
existence of a Greek manuscript, in perfect
preservation, which I found, when Mr. Grey
had obligingly left it for my examination, to
be the translation of a unique hieroglyphic
papyrus, lately purchased by the King of
France ; these circumstances have so far
changed the complexion of my literary ad-
■
ventures, that if I remained any longer in
masquerade, I should certainly be compelled
to adopt the character of Polyc rates or of
Aladdin.
It would indeed have been a little hard,
that the only single step, which leads at once
to an extensive result, should have been
made by a Foreigner, upon the very ground
which I had undergone the drudgery of
quietly raising, while he advanced rapidly
XU PREFACE.
and firmly, without denying his obligations
to his predecessor, but very naturally, under
all circumstances, without exaggiemtingfthem,
or indeed very fully enumerating them. ' I
should not have repinedy even if no coanter^
part to his egood fortune had occurred for my
own advantage and assistance ; but the exhi-
laration of a success, so unexpected, >has
brought me more immediately and more
openly before the public, than* it was pre-
viously my intention to^ appear, in relation
to a. .pursuit so remote irom the natiare of
many other duties which I am bound to fulfil.
It may naturally be expected that I should
make some apology, for what is generally
considered as a violation of professional
dpcorum; for presuming . to appear again
before the public, without absolute neces-
sity, in any other capiacity . than that of a
practical physici9.n. I have indeed myself
observed 9 on a former occasion^ th^t tbie
public is inclined ., to , think, and , not i with-
PREFACE. Xin
out something like reason, that the abili-
ties of different individuals are pretty nearly
equal ; and that if any one has distinguished
himself in a particular department of study,
he must have bestowed so much the less time
and attention on other departments : that, of
course^, if he excelled in more than one line, oat
of his profession, the natural inference would
be so much the stronger : and that whether this
may be fair or not, it is at least fair, that direct
endence should be produced or imagined of a
devotion to medical pursuits, before medical
confidence can reasonably be expected.
My explanation then is, that I consider
myself as having already produced to the
public more than sufficient " evidence'' of
my claim to this " medical confidence" ; and
that, having now acquired the right to cele-
brate a YEAR of JUBILEE, I think myself
fully justified in endeavouring^ without fur-
ther regard to the strict etiquette of my
profession, to obtain, while I have yet a few
XIV PREFACE.
years more to live and to learn, whatever,
respect may be thought due to the discoveries,
V which have constituted the amusement of a
fetv of my leisure hours.
In addition to this apology, perhaps already
too long, I will venture to state, as ia matter
of anecdote, the train of occurrences that has
accidentally ied me to engage in these pur^
suits. To begin therefore with the beginning,
or rather before the beginning, as the subject
of a preface may very naturally do : I had
been induced by motives both of private
friendship, and of professional obligation, to
offer, to the editors of a periodical publication,
an article, which I thought would be of some
advantage to their collection, containing an
abstract of Adelung's Mithridates, a work
then lately received from the continent. In
reading this elaborate compilation, my cu-
riosity was excited by a note of the editor.
Professor Vater, in which he asserted that
the unknown language of the Stone of
PREFACE. XV
Rosetta, and of the bandages often found
with the mummies, was capable of being
analysed into an alphabet consisting of little
more than thirty letters : but having merely
retained this general impression, I thought no
more of these inscriptions, until they were
recalled to my attention, by the examination
of some fragments of a papyrus^ which had
been brought home from Egypt by my friend
Sir William Rouse Boughton, then lately
returned from his travels in the East. With
this accidental occurrence my Egyptian re-
searches began: their progress and termi-
nation will be the subject of the present
volume.
T.T.
WeHteck Street,
I March, 1833.
WORKS OF THE AUTHOR;
TO DE HAD OP THE PUBIJSHKK.
1 . A Coarse o[' Lectures on Natural Philosopliy and the Meclm-
nical ArtK, 2 vols. 4to. 1807.
2. An Introduction to Medical Literature, including a System of
Practical Nosology, 8vo. Second edition, 1823.
3. A Practical and Historical Treatise on Consumptive Diseases,
8vo. 18i5<
4 . Elementary 11 1 ustrations of the Celestial Mechanics of Laplace,
8v<». 1821.
DISCOTERIES
IN
HIEROGLYPHICAL LITERATURE
I ■
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY SKETCH OF THE PREVALENT OPI-
NIONS RESPECTING HIEROGLYPHICS.
THE Greeks and Romans, either from national
pride, or from a want of philological talent, were
extremely deficient in their knowledge of all such
languages as they called barbarous, and they fre-
quently made up for their ignorance by the posi-
tiveness of their assertions, with regard to facts
which were created by their own imagination. It
was very currently believed, on their authority , hot
only that Egypt was the parent of all arts and scien-
ces, but that the hieroglyphical inscriptions, on its
public monuments, contained a summary of the
most important mysteries of nature, and of the
most sublime inventions of man : but that the in-
terpretation of these characters had been so stu-
diously concealed by the priests, from the know-
ledge of the vulgar, and had indeed been so im-
B
N
2 OPINIONS RESPECTING
perfectly understood by themselves, that it was
wholly lost and forgotten in the days of the later
Roman Emperors. The story, however, of a re-
ward, supposed to have been offered in vain by
one of the first of the Caesars, for an interpretation
of the inscription on an obelise, then lately brought
from Egypt to Rome, appears to rest on no au-
thentic foundation.
Among the works of more modem authors, who
had employed themselves in the study of the hiero-
glyphics, it is difficult to say whether those were the
more discouraging, which, like the productions of
Father Kircher and the Chevalier Palin, professed
to contain explanations of every thing, or which,
like the ponderous volume of Zoega on the Obe-
lises, confes^ed^ after, collecting all that was really
on record, that the sum and substa:nce of the
whole amounted absolutely to nothing.
Father Kircher's six folios contain some tole-
rably faithful, though inelegant, representations of
the principal monuments of Egyptian art, which
had before his days been brought to Europe: and,
according to his interpretation, which succeeded
equally well, whether he happened to begin at
the beginning, or at the end, of each of the lines,
the^y all contain some mysterious doctrines of re-
ligion or of metaphysics. With equal sagacity, but
with much less appearance of laborious research,
the Chevalier Palin, beginning, in one instance at
least, by way of variety, in the middle, has more
HI£ROGLTPHICS. d
recently discovered, that Hebrew translations of
many of the Egyptian consecrated rolls of papyrus
are to be found, in the Bible, under the name of
the Psalms of David. Whatever may be thought
of the judgment of these antiquaries, their opi-
nions are not particularly discreditable to their
talents and ingenuity: for having once allowed
themselves to set out with the mistaken notion,
that it was possible to determine the sense of
the hieroglyphics, by internal evidence and by the
force of reasoning only, the imperfections of their
superstructures were the unavoidable conse-
quences of the unsubstantial nature of the foun-
dations, on which they were raised.
There was indeed a traditional record of the
true sense of one single character, denoting life,
which had been handed down by the ecclesias-
tical writers, and had been generally received as
correct by scholars and antiquaries : although I
cannot help suspecting that Sir Archibald Ed-
monstone's memory deceives him when he re-
marks, that the same symbol is often substituted,
in Christian inscriptions, for the simpler sign of
the cross, with which they more commonly begin.
We also find some imperfect hints of a partial
knowledge of the sense of the hieroglyphics in
the puerile work of HorapoUo, which is much
more like a collection of conceits and enigmas
than an explanation of a real system of serious
literature : and while such scattered truths were
4 OPINIONS RESPECTING
confounded with a multitude of false assertions,
it was impossible to profit by any of them, with-
out some clue to assist us in the selection. For
my own part, if I had ever read of the true signifi-
cation of the handled cross, it had entirely escaped
my recollection.
The French expedition to Egypt was most
liberally provided, by the government of the day,
with a select body of antiquaries, and architects,
and surveyors, and naturalists, and draughtsmen,
whose business it was to investigate all that was
interesting to science or to literature in that sin-
gular country. Their labours have been made
public, with all the advantages of chalcographical
and typographical elegance, in the splendid col-
lection, entitled Discription de VEgypte. But
it is scarcely too much to say, that the only real
beni^fit, conferred on Egyptian literature, by that
expedition, was the discovery of a huge broken
block, of black stone, in digging for the founda-
tions of Fort St, Julian, near Rosetta, which the
British army had afterwards the honour of brings,
ing to this country, as a proud trophy of their
gallantry and success. It is not to a want of
ability, por of industry, nor of accuracy, nor of
fidelity, in the Egyptian Commission, that so total
a failure is to be attributed ; but partly to the real
difficulty of the subject, and still more to the pre-
conceived opinion, which was very generally en-
tertained by their men of letters, of the exorbitant
HIEROGLYPHICS.- O
antiquity of the Egyptian works of art, which
caused them to neglect the lights, that might have
been derived, from a comparison of Greek and
Roman inscriptions, with the hieroglyphics in their
neighbourhood; and to suppose, that whatever
bore the date of less than thirty or forty centuries
must necessarily be an interpolation, unconnected
with the original architecture and decorations of
the edifice, to which it belonged: and, when a
strong prejudice has once been imbibed, we all
know that the senses themselves are perpetually
blunted and perverted by it, even without the
consent of the reasoning powers- Mr. William
Hamilton had, however, very successfully brought
forwards a variety of evidence^ in favour of the
utility of the various inscriptions of the Greeks
and Romans, for ascertaining the date of many of
the buildings to which they belong ; . and the
question, thus agitated between the French and
the English travellers, had already assumed
somewhat of a national character.
A cursory inspection of the Greek inscription,
contained in the pillar of Rosetta, was sufficient to
establish, as incontrovertible, the opinion, which
had been very ably maintained by our acute and
learned countryman Bishop Warburton, that the
hieroglyphics, or sacred characters, were not so
denominated, as being exclusively appropriated
to, sacred subjects, but that they constituted a real
written language, applicable to the purposes of
6 OPINIONS RESPECTING
history and common life, as well as to those of reli-
gion and mythology ; since this inscription speaks
of the three divisions of the pillar, as containing dif-
ferent versions of the same decree, in the sacred and
the vulgar character, and in the Greek language,
respectively : and, that there was no fraud in this
description, was at once made evident by the just
observation of Akerblad, who pointed out, at the
end of the hieroglyphical inscription, the three
first numerals, indicated by I , II, and 111, respec-
tively, where the Greek has " the first and the
second ..."; the end being broken off*. It was
also evident, that the hieroglyphical language con-
tinued to be understood and employed in the time
of Ptolemy Epiphanes : but here the matter rested
for several years ; no single representation of an
existing object having been so identified, on this
or any other monument among the hieroglyphics,
as to have its signification determined, even by
a probable conjecture.
In the mean time, the enterprising and enlight-
ened Baron Alexander Von Humboldt was con-
tributing to illustrate the nature of hieroglyphical
languages, by his account of the Mexican draw-
ings, contained in his Views of the Cordilleras
and Monuments of the American nations. The
symbols, however, of the Americans appear to
have had little or nothing in common with those
of the Egyptians. The written language of the
Chinese, on the contrary, exhibits, in some cases.
HIEROGLYPHICS. 7
a much closer analogy with that of ancient Egypt :
and Mr. Barrow, by his clear and concise explan-
ation of the peculiar nature of the Chinese charac-
ters, has contributed very materially to assist us
in tracing the gradual progress of the Egyptian
symbols through their various forms ; although the
resemblance is certainly far less complete than
has been supposed by Mr. Palin, who tells us,
that we have only to translate the Psalms of David
into Chinese, and to write them in the ancient
character of that language, in order to reproduce
the Egyptian papyri, that, are found with the
mummies.
CHAPTER II.
INVESTIGATIONS FOUNDED ON THE PILLAR OF i
ROSETTA.
THE pillar of Rosetta was now safely and quietly
deposited in the British Museum ; the Society of
Antiquaries had engraved, and very generally
circulated, a correct copy of its three inscrip-
tions ; and several of the best scholars of the age,
in particular Person and Heyne, had employed
themselves in completing and illustrating the
Greek text, which constituted the third part of
the inscription : and it so happened that, although
no person acquainted with both these critics could
hesitate to give the general preference, for acute-
ness of observation, and felicity of conjecture, and
soundness of judgment, to the English professor,
yet in this instance the superior industry and
vigilance of the German had given him decidedly
the advantage, with respect to two or three
passages, in which their translations happen to
diflfer.
But Greek was already sufficiently understood,
both in London and at Gottingen, to make this
part of the investigation comparatively insignifi-
cant4 Mr* Akerblad, a diplomatic gentleman.
. PILLAR OF ROSETTA. 9
then at Paris, but afterwards the Swedish resi-
dent at Rome, had begun to decipher the middle
division of the inscription ; after De Sacy had given
up the pursuit as hopeless, notwithstanding that
he had made out very satisfactorily the names of
Ptolemy and Alexander. But both he and Mr.
Akerblad proceeded upon the erroneous, or, at
least imperfect, evidence of the Greek authors,
who have pretended to explain the different modes
of writing among the ancient Egyptians, and who
have asserted very distinctly that they employed,
on many occasions, an alphabetical system, com-
posed of twenty five letters only. The charac-
ters of the second part of the inscription being
called in the Greek enchoria grammata, or let-
ters of the country, it was natural to look among
these for the alphabet in question : and Mr. Aker-
blad, having principally deduced his conclusions
from the preamble of the decree, which consists
in great measure of foreign proper names, per-
sisted, to the time of his death, in believing, that
thi^ part of the inscription was throughout alpha-
betical. I have called these characters enchoric,
or TditheT enchorial : Mr. ChampoUion has chosen
to distinguish them by the term demotic, or popu-
lar; perhaps from having been in the habit of
employing it before he was acquainted with the
denomination which I had appropriated to them :
in my opinion, the priority of my publication
ought to have induced him to adopt my term,
and to suppress his own, rather than to add an-
10 PILLAR OF ROSETTA.
other useless synonym, for what the ancients,
when speaking with accuracy, would probably
have described as the ** epistolographic^' fonn of
writing employed by the Egyptians : for we have
no means of determining the precise nature of the
characters called jt>(>p2//ar. by Herodotus.
Mr; Akerblad was far from having completed
his examination of the whole enchorial inscription,
apparently from the want of some collateral en-
couragement or cooperation, to induce him to
continue so laborious an inquiry; and he had
made little or no effort to understand the first
inscription of the pillar, which is professedly
engraved in the sacred character, except liie
detached observation, respecting the numerals at
the end : he was even disposed to acquiesce in
the correctness of Mr. Palin's interpretation,
which proceeds on the supposition, that parts of
the first lines of the hieroglyphics are still remain-
ing on the stone.
It was natural to expect, that, after the possi-
bility of a partial success, in this part of thb
undertaking; had been almost demonstrated by
what Mr. Akerblad had cursorily observed, the
critics and chronologists of all civilised countries
would have united, heart and hand, in a common
effort to obtain a legitimate solution of all the
doubts and difficulties, in which the early anti-
quities of Egypt had long remained involved.
But, excepting Mr.^ Champollion and myself,
they have all chosen to amuse themselves vnth
PILLAR OF ROSETTA. 11
their own speculations and conjectures: the
mathematicians of France have continued to cal-
culate, and the metaphysicians of England have
continued to argue, upon elements which it was
impossible either to prove or disprove ; while the
fortuitous coincidences of some accidental results,
with the coUateraJi testimony of history or of
astronomy, have been forced into the service of
the delusion, as evidences of the truth of the
hypotheses from which they had been deduced.
Nor are these amusements even at this moment
discontinued, by some persons, who have shown
themselves capable of doing better things.
It was early in the year 1814, that I had been
examining the fragments of papyrus brought
from Egypt by Mr, Boughton; and that, after
looking over Mr. Akerblad's pamphlet in a hasty
manner, I communicated a few anonymous re-
marks on them to the Society of Antiquaries.
In the summer of that year, I took the triple in-
scription with me to Worthing, and there pro-
ceeded to examine first the enchorial inscription,,
and afterwards the sacred characters. By an
attentive and methodical comparison of the difr
ferent parts with each other, I had sufficiently
deciphered the whole, in the course of a few
months, to be able to send, as an appendix to the
paper printed in the Archaeologia, a translation of
each of the Egyptian inscriptions considered
separately, distinguishing the contents of the
different lines, with as much precision as my ma-
12 PILLAR OF ROSETTA.
terials would enable me to obtain. It is evident
that this division of the translation supposes, in
general, a distinction of the significations of the
single words ; and that any person, with a little
attention, might retrace my steps, with regard to
the sense that I attributed to each part of the two
inscriptions. I was obliged to leave many im-
portant passages still subject to some doubt, and
I hoped to acquire additional information, before
I attempted to determine their signification with
accuracy ; but, having made the first great step,
I concluded that many others might be added
with facility and with rapidity. In this conclusion,
however, I was somewhat mistaken; and when
we reflect that, in the case of the Chinese, the
only hieroglyphical language now extant, it is
considered as a task requiring the whole labour
of a learned life, to become acquainted with the
greater part of the words, even among those who
are in the habit of employing the same language
for the ordinary purposes of life, and who have
the assistance of accurate and voluminous gram-
mars and dictionaries: we shall then be at no
loss* to understand that a hieroglyphical language,
to be acquired by means of the precarious aid of
a few monuments, which have accidentally escaped
the ravages of time and of barbarism, must exhibit
a combination of difficulties almost insurmount-
able to human industry.
I had thought it necessary, in the pursuit of
the inquiry, to make myself in some raeasure
PILLAR OF ROSETTA. 13
familiar with the remains of the old Egyptian
language, as they are preserved in the Coptic and
Thebaic versions of the Scriptures; and I had
hoped, with the assistance of this knowledge, to
be able to find an alphabet, which would enable
me to read the enchorial inscription at least into
a kindred dialect. But, in the progress of the
investigation, I had gradually been compelled to
abandon this expectation, and to admit the con-
viction, that no such alphabet would ever be dis-
covered, because it had never been in existence.
I was led to this conclusion, not only by the
untractable nature of the inscription itself, which
might have depended on my own want of infor-
mation or of address, but still more decidedly by
the manifest occurrence of a multitude of charac-
ters, which were obviously imperfect imitations of
the more intelligible pictures ,that were observable
among the distinct hieroglyphics of the first in-
scription : such as a Priest, a Statue, and a Mat-
tock or Plough, which were evidently, in their
primitive state, delineations of the objects in-
tended to be denoted by them, and which were
as evidently introduced among the enchorial cha-
racters. But whether or no any other significant
words were expressed, in the same inscription, by
means of the alphabet employed in it for foreign
names, I could not very satisfactorily determine.
A cursory examination of the few well iden-
tified characters, amounting to about 90 or 100,
which the hieroglyphical inscription, in its muti-
14 PILLAR OF ROSXTTA.
lated state, had enabled me to ascertain, was
however sufficient to prove, first, that many sim-
ple objects were represented, as might naturally
be supposed, by their actual delineations; se-
condly, that many other objects, represented gra-
phically, were used in a figurative sense only,
while a great number of the symbols, in frequent
use, could be considered as the pictures of no
existing objects whatever ; thirdly, that, in order
to express a plurality of objects, a dual was de-
noted by a repetition of the character, but that
three characters of the same kind, following each
other, implied an indefinite plurality, which was
likewise more compendiously represented by
means of three lines or bars attached to a single
character; fourthly, that definite numbers were
expressed by dashes for units, and arches,
either round or square, for tens; fifthly, that
all hieroglyphical inscriptions were read from front
to rear, as the objects naturally follow each other ;
sixthly, that proper names were included by the
oval ring, or border, or cartouche^ of the sacred
characters, and often between two fragments of
a similar border in the running hand ; and, se-
venthly, that the name of Ptolemy alone existed
on this pillar^ having only been completely identi-
fied by the assistance of the analysis of the encho-
rial inscription. And, as far as I have ever heard
or read, not one of these particulars had ever been
established and placed on record, by any other
person, dead or alive.
CHAPTER III.
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES, DEDUCED FROM THE
EGYPTIAN MANUSCRIPTS, AND FROM OTHER
MONUMENTS.
MY full conviction respecting the nature and
origin of the enchorial character I expressed at
the end of a collection of letters, inserted in the
Museum Criticum, and published in 1815. It
was not, however, till the next year, that I ob-
tained the most complete evidence of the truth
of my opinion : having been obligingly accommo-
dated, by Mr. William Hamilton, with the use of
his copy of the great Dhcription de FEgypte, as
far as it was then published, I proceeded to study
its contents: and I discovered, at length, that
several of the manuscripts on papyrus, which had
been carefully published in that work, exhibited
very frequently the same text in different forms,
deviating more or less frcnn the perfect resem-
blance of the objects intended to be delineated,
till they became, in many cases, mere lines and
curves, and dashes and flourishes ; but still an-
swering, character for character, to the hierogly-
phical or hieratic writing of the same chapters.
16 ADDITIONAL INF£R£KC£8.
found in other manuscripts, and of which the
identity was suflSciently indicated, besides this
coincidence, by the similarity of the larger tablets,
' or pictural representations, at the head of each
chapter or column, which are almost universally
found on the margins of manuscripts of a mytho-
logical nature. And the enchorial inscription of
the pillar of Rosetta I'esembled very accurately,
in its general appearance, the most unpicturesque
of these manuscripts. It did not, • however, by
s»iy means agree, character for character, with
the ** sacred lettjers" of the first inscription, though
in many instances, by means of some intermediate
steps derived from the manuscripts on papyrus,
the characters could be traced into each other
with sufficient accuracy, to supersede every idea
of any essential diversity in the principles of
representation employed. The want of a more
perfect correspondence could only be explained,
by considering the sacred characters as the re-
mains of a more ancient and solemn mode of ex-
pression, which had been superseded, in common
life, by other words and phrases ; and, in several
cases, it seemed probable, that the forms of the
characters had been so far degraded and confused,
that the addition of a greater number of distin-
guishing epithets had become necessary, in order
that the sense might be rendered intelligible.
A particular account of this comparison of the
different modes of writing, and a detailed refer-
./ .>
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES. 17
ence to the passages of the respective manuscripts
from which they were derived, is contained in
two letters, printed in 1816, as. a part of the
seventh number of the Museum Criticum, ,and of
which several copies were immediately sent to
Paris, and to other parts of the^Continent, although
the actual publicatioi:i of the number was retarded
till 1821.
The principal contents of these letters were,
however, incorporated with other misitter into a
more extensive article, which I contributed in
1819 to the Supplement of the Encyclopaedia
Britannica. I had made drawings of the plates,
which were engraved with great fidelity by Mr.
Turrell, about a year before ; and having been
favoured by the proprietors with a few separate
copies, I had sent them to some of my friends, in
the summer of 1818, with* a cover, on which was
printed the : title Hieroglyphical Vocabulary :
these plates, however, were precisely the same
that were afterwards contained in the fourth
volume of the Supplement, as belonging to the
article Egypt.
The characters explained, with confidence, in
this vocabulary, amounted to about 200; the
number which had been immediately obtained
from the piUar of Rosetta having been somewhat
more than doubled by means of a careful exami-'
nation of other monuments, on which the terms
god, and king, and other epithets, already
16 AX>DITIO^AL INFERENCES.
asceitained, were so applied as to furnish either
ceitain or probabte condxisions respecting the
principal deities of (he Egyptians, and respecting
several of the latest aud this most celebtated of
their sovereigns. The higher numerals vrere
readily obtained, by a comparison of some in*
acriptions, in which they stood combined with
units and with tens. The hieratic manuscripts
assisted also in this identification, by facilitating
the detetmination of the hieroglyphic correspcmd-
ing to a given enchorial character. The names
of Phthah and of Apis were still left on the pillar :
to these I was now enabled to add, with tolerable
certainty, those of Ammon, or Jupiter, Phre, or
the Sun, Rhea, or Urania, loh, or the Moon,
Thoth, or Hermes, Osiris, Arueris, or Apollo, Isis,
STephthe, Buto, Horus, and Mneuis; besides a
multitude of others, to whom I found it conve-
tiient to appropriate fictitious or temporary ap-
pellations, for the greater convenience of refer-
ence. Thus I have called Cerexochus, a figure
whose real name was perhaps Amonrasonther,
and my Hyperion and Platypterus are supposed
by Mr. Champollion to belong to Horus and to
Hercules. Of the kings, I have ascertained, as
far as the testimony of the Greek and Latin his-
torians and inscriptions would enable me, the
names of Mesphres, Memnon, Sesostris, Nechao,
Psammis, and Amasis ; and having obtained the
distinction of Ptolemy Soter from the pillar, I
V •
J
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES. 19
afterwards determined, by its assistance, the name
of his queen Berenice. The termination indicating
the female sex was another important result of
this comparison of vaHous monuments.
I must acknowledge that my respect for the
good sense and accomplishments of my Egyptian
allies by no means became more profound as our
acquaintance became taote intimate : on the con-
tilary, all that Juvehal, in a moment^ as might
have been supposed, of discontent, had held up to
ridicule of their superstitions and their depravity,
became, as it were, displayed before my eyes, as
the details of their mythology became more intel-
ligible. That Plato professed to have learned
much during a long residence in Egypt I can
easily believe: he may very probably have de-
rived from thence some hints, that led to his own
purer doctrines of the immortality of the soul,
althou^ he may have been tempted to exag-
gerate a little the other advantages of his travel
in search of truth; but that Pythagoras ever
professed to have acquired any solid knowledge
from the Egyptians, appears Ijo me to be very
inconsistent with what we know of the history of
this illustrious philosopher, speculative and vi-
sional as some of his arithmetical metaphysics
6ean to have been. I shall enter into some fur-
ther detaiis of my conclusions, in the words
which I have already employed in the article
Egypt.
20 ADDITIONAL INFERENCES.
'* By means of the knowledge of the hierc^ly-
phical characters, which has been already obtained,
we are fully competent to form a general idea of
the nature of the inscriptions on the principal
Egyptian monuments that are extant. Numerous
as they are, there is scarcely one of them which
we are not able to refer to the class either of
sepulchral or of votive inscriptions ; astronomical
and chronological there seem to be none, since
the numerical characters, which have been per-
fectly ascertained, have not yet been found to
occur in such a form as they necessarily must
have assumed in the records of this description :
of a historical nature, we can only find the tri-
umphal, which are often suflSciently distinguish-
able, but they may also always be referred to the
votive ; since whoever related his own exploits
thought it wisest to attribute the glory of them to
some deity, and whoever recorded those of an-
other was generally disposed to intermix divine
honours with his panegyric. It has, indeed, been
asserted, that the Egyptians were not in the habit
of deifying any mortal persons ; but the inscrip-
tion of Rosetta is by no means the only one in
which the sovereigns of Egypt are inserted in the
number of its deities ; the custom is observable
in monuments of a much earlier age : indeed, in
such a country, it might be considered as a kind
of dilemma of degradation, whether it was most
ridiculous to be made a divinity, or to be ex-
••Jt^'!
J
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES. 21
eluded from so plebeian an assemblage ; but flat-
tery is more prone to err by commission than by
omission^ and, consequently, we find the terms
king and god very generally inseparable. The
sepulchral inscriptions, from the attention that
was paid in Egypt to the obsequies of the dead,
appear, on the whole, to constitute the most con-
siderable part of the Egyptian literature which
remains, and they afford us, upon a comparative
examination, some very remarkable peculiarities.
The general tenor of all these inscriptions ap-
pears to be, as might be expected from the tes-
timony of Herodotus, the identification of the
deceased with the god Osiris, and probably, if a
female, with Isis; and the subject of the most
usual representations seems to be the reception
of this new personage by the principal deities, to
whom he now stands in a relation expressed in
the respective inscriptions ; the honour of an apo-
theosis, reserved by the ancient Romans for em-
perors, and by the modern for saints, having been
apparently extended by the old Egyptians to pri-
vate individuals of all descriptions [ ; as indeed
appears to be partially hinted in the concluding
line of the golden verses of the Pythagoreans].
It required an extensive comparison of these
inscriptions to recognise their precise nature, since
they seldom contain a name surrounded by a ring
in its usual form : sometimes, however, as in the
green sarcophagus of the British M.useum, a dis-
22 ADDITIONAL INFERENCES.
tinct name is very often repeated^ and preceded
by that of Osiris ; while, in most other instances,
there is a certain combination of characters, bear*
ing evident relation to the personage delineated^
which occurs^ after the symbols of Osiris^ instead
Qf the name ; so that either the ring was simply
omitted on this occasion, or a new and perhaps
a mysterious name was employed, consisting fire*
quently of the appellations of several distinct
deities, and probably analogous to the real name[,
which will, indeed, hereafter appear to have con-
sisted not uncommonly of a similar combination].
That the characteristic phrase [,or group], so re-
peated, must have had some relation to the de-t
ceased, is proved by its scarcely ever being alike
in any two monuments that have been compared,
while almost every other part of the manuscripts
and inscriptions are the same in many different
instances, and some of them in almost all; and
this sam^ phrase may be observed in Lord Mount-
norris's and Mr. Bankes's manuscripts, placed
over the head of the person who is brought up
between the two goddesses, to make his appear-
ance before thQ true Osiris, in his own person, and
in his judicial capacity, with his counsellors about
him, and the balance of justice before him." . . .
" The tablet of the last judgment, which is so
well illustrs^ted by the testimony of Diodoru^
concerning the funerals of the Egyptians, is found
^ear the end of almost all the manuscriptsr upon
ADDITIOXAL INFERENCES. 23
papyrus, that are so frequently discovered in the
coffins of the mummies, and among others in Loiti
Mountnorris's hieratic manuscript, printed in the
collection of the Egyptian Society. The grecet
deity sits on the left, holding the hook and the
whip or fan; his name and titles are generally
placed over him ; but this part of the present ma«
nuscript is a little injured. Before him is a kind
of mace, supporting something like the skin of a
leopard ; then a female Cerberus, and on a shelf
over her head, the tetrad of termini, which have
been already distinguished by the names '* Te-
trarcha," Anubis, Maceda, and " Hieracion,^
each havings had his appropriate denominatioii
written over his head. Behind the Cerberis
stands Thoth, with his style and tablet, having
just begun to write. Over his head, in two co-
lumnsi, we find his name and titles, including his
designation as a scribe. The balance follows,
with a little baboon as a kind of genius, sitting on
it. Under the beam stand ** Cteristes** and
^ Hyperion" [supposed by Mr. ChampoUion to
be Anubis and Horus], who are employed in ad-
justing the equipoise; but their names in thiis
miemuscript are omitted. The five cohimns ovef
the balance are only remarkable as containing, in
this instance, the characteristic phrase, or the
name of the deceased, int6rmi3Eed with other
characters. Beyond the baliaince stands a femiAte,
holding the sceptre of Isis, who seemS' to be called
24 ADDITIO>fAL INFERENCES.
Rhea» the wife of the Sun. She is looking back
at the personage, who holds up his hand as a mark
of respect, and who is identified as the deceased
by the name simply placed over him, without any
exordium. He is followed by a second goddess,
who is also holding up her hands, in token, of
respect ; and whose name looks like a personifi-
cation of honour or glory, unless it is simply in-
tended to signify '* a divine priestess," belonging
to the order of the Pterophori, mentioned on the
Rosetta stqne. The forty two assessors, [no-
ticed by Diodorus and by these manuscripts],
are wanting in this tablet; and, in many other
manuscripts their number is curtailed, to make
room for other subjects; but, in several of those
which are engraved in the Discription de FEgypte,
they are all represented, sometimes as sitting
figures, and sometimes standing as termini, with
their feet united."
" The principal part of the text of all these
manuscripts appears to consist of a collection of
hymns, or rather homages, to certain, deities, ge-
nerally expressed in the name of the deceased,
with his title of Osiris, although the true Osiris
is not excluded from the groups that are intro-
duced. The upper part of each manuscript is
occupied by a series of pictural tablets; under
them are vertical columns of distinct hierogly-
phics, or, . in the epistolographic manuscripts,
pages of the text, which are commonly divided
mgmgmmmmmmmmKmmmtm^mmmmmmmm^^
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES. 25
into paragraphs, with a tablet at the head of each ;
the first words being constantly written with red
ink, made of a kind of ochre, as the black is of a
carbonaceous substance. The beginning of the
manuscripts is seldom entire, being always at the
outside of the roll ; as the umbilicus of the
Romans was synonymous with the end." . .
" The coffins of the mummies, and the larger
sarcophagi of stone, are generally covered with
representations extremely similar to some of
those which are found in the manuscripts. The
judicial tablet is frequently delineated on the
middle of the coffins; above it are Isis and
Nephthe, at the sides, and apparently Rhea in
the middle, with outspread wings. The space
below is chiefly occupied by figures of twenty or
thirty of the principal deities, to whom the de-
ceased, in his mystical character,* is doing
homage ; each of them being probably designated
by the relationship in which he stands to the new
representative of Osiris. In the sculptures, the
figures are generally less numerous; the same
deities are commonly represented as on the
painted coffins, but without the repetition of the
suppliant, and in an order subject to some little
variation. The large sarcophagus of granite, in
the. British Museum, brought from Cairo, and
formerly called the Lover's Fountain, has the
name of Apis, as a part of the characteristic de-
nomination. This circumstance, at first sight.
26 ADDITIONAL INFERENCES.
seemed to make it evident that it must have been
intended to contain the mummy of an Apis, for
which its magnitude renders it well calculated ;
but when the symbols of other deities were found
in the mystic names upon various other monu-
ments, this inference could no longer be consi-
dered as absolutely conclusive." • .
'^ Of the triumphal monuments, the most mag-
nificent are the obelises, which are reported by
Pliny to have been dedicated to the Sun; and
there is every reason to suppose, that the transla*
tion of one of these inscriptions, preserved by Am-
mianus Marcellinus, after Hermapion, contains a
true representation of a part of its contents, more
especially as ^ the mighty Apollo ' of Hermapion
agrees completely with the hawk, the bull, and
the arm, which usually occupy the beginning of
each inscription. These symbols are generally
followed by a number of pompous titles, not al-
ways very intimately connected with each other,
and among them we often find that of ' Lord of
the asp bearing diadems/ with some others, iin->
mediately preceding the name and parentage of
the sovereign, who is the principal subject of the
inscription. The obelise at Heliopolis is without
the bull; and the whole inscription may be sup*
posed to have signified something of this kind.
" This apollinean tropht is consecrated
TO THE honour OF KING * REMESSES,' CROWNED
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES. 27
«
WITH AN ASP BEARING DIABEM ; IT IS CONSE-
CRATED TO THE HONOUR OB THE SON OF * HERON/
THE ORNAMENT OF HIS COUNTRY, BELOVED BY
PHTHAH, LIVING FOR EVER ; IT IS CONSECRATED
TO THE HONOUR OF THE REVERED AND BENEFICIENT
DEITY ' REMESSES/ GREAT IN GLORY, SUPERIOR TO
Hia ENEMIES; BY THE DECREE OF AN ASSEMBLY,
TO THE POWERFUL AND THE FLOURISHING, WHaSE
LIFE SHALL BE WITHOUT END."
*' It is true, that some parts of this interpretation
are in great measure conjectural ; but none of ilt
is altogether arbitrary, or unsupported by some
probable analogy : and the spirit and tenor of the
inscription is probably unimpaired by the altera-
tions, which this approximation to the sense may
unavoidably have introduced.
" Of the obelises, still in existence, there are
perhaps about thirty, larger and smaller, which
may be considered as genuine. Several others
are decidedly spurious, having been chiefly sculp-
tured at Rome, in imitation of the Egyptian style,
but so negligently and unskilfully^ as to have ex-
hibited a striking difference even in the character of
the workmanship. Such are the Pamphilian, ii^
explanation of which the laborious Kircher ha»
published a folio volume, and the Barberinian
or Veranian : in both of these the emblems ar»
put together in a manner wholly arbitrary ; and
when an attempt is made to imitate the appear^
28 ADDITIONAL INFERENCES.
ance of a name, the characters are completely
different at each repetition The Sallustian obe-
lise has also been broken, and joined inaccurately,
and some modem restitutions have been very
awkwardly introduced, as becomes evident upon
comparing with each other the figures of Kircher
and of Zoega. [A similar restitution has been
rather better executed at one comer of the La-
teran obelise, as I observed in the course of a few
weeks that I passed at Rome in the summer of
1821 : the block of granite, which has been em-
ployed, still exhibits some words of a Latin
inscription, turned upside down, but not effaced,
although the hieroglyphics belonging to the
place have been imitated with tolerable fidelity].
Another very celebrated monument, the Isiac
table, which has been the subject of much pro-
found discussion, and has given birth to many
refined mythological . speculations, is equally in-
capable of supporting a minute examination upon
solid grounds; for the inscriptions neither bear
any relation to the figures near which they are
placed, nor form any connected sense of their
own ; and the whole is undoubtedly the work of
a Roman sculptor, imitating only the 'general
style and the separate delineations of the Egyp-
tian tablets ; as indeed some of the most learned
and acute of our critical antiquaries had already
asserted, notwithstanding the contrary opinion of
several foreigners, of the highest reputation for
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES. 29
their intimate acquaintance with the works of
Greek and Roman art. We may hope, however,
that in future these unprofitable discussions and
disputes will become less and less frequent, and
that our knowledge of the antiquities of Egypt
will gain as much in the solidity and sufficiency
of its evidence, as it may probably lose in its
hypthetical symmetry and its imaginary extent ;
and while we allow every latitude to legitimate
reasoning and cautious conjecture, in , the search
after historical truths, we must peremptorily
exclude from our investigations an attachment to
fanciful systems and presupposed analogies on
the one hand, and a too implicit deference to
traditional authority on the other/' ^ *^ <; ^■''^''^' %^ 'r.( i^*x
A few general remarks, that I had taken the
liberty of sending out to Mr. William Bankes,
for his assistance in his Egyptian researches, had
been found of some utility in directing his atten-
tion to points of the most material importance for
the promotion of the investigation: and even
before the actual publication of the Supplement
of the Encyclopaedia, I had received from Egypt
a very agreeable confirmation of my opinions, in a
letter addressed by Mr. Salt to Mr. William Ha-
milton, of which I shall here insert an extract.
''Cairo, 1st May, 1819.
** At Dakki in Nubia there is an inscription of
the Ptolemies, over the principal entrance, that
-- i'
M A]>DITrONAL iN^£R£NC£S.
occu|>ie8 a ^lace evidently cot^ebted with the
tfltliitecture ; ^don each side of this is a tablet ef
kteroglyphics, nearly similar one to the other. Now
tt struck me on the spot, that these, being nearly of
the same length as the Greek tablet, might possibly
Contain a ttanslation. I therefore referred to a letter
iA Mr. Bankes's possession, containing some fifty
eacplaliations of hieroglyphics from Dr. Young,
and Was certainly gratified to find that in the oval
[ringi], conspicuous on each side, was the name of
the ** immortal Ptolemy" : and immediately after-
wards the name of Hermes on one side, and of
Isis on the other, to whom, by numerous Greiek
insdriptions, it is certain that the temple was de-
dicated. In following up this idea, I found, in
^ther par^ts of the temple, the name of ** Ptolemy"
without the ** immortal," over offering figures;
ahd alsd those hieroglyphics which Dr. Young sup-
poses t^ rep)resent th^ names of Osiris, Isis, and
Herus, as well as Hermes, over their respective
figures, inviariiibly, I may say, throughout lh6
numerous rept^sentatibns on the walls. . .
H.S."
Upcrti Mr. Bankes's tetum to England, he had
the kindti^di^ and liberality to allow me free access
4.
to the ui[iequalled treasures of drawings and in-
scriptions, that he had accumulated and brought
hoiaie ; ahd I soon obtained a knowledge of several
additional characters from the comparison of these
valtiabte documents. The most useful of these wW
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES. 3l
the symbol for brother or isisteb, which appears
to be the crook generally seen in the hands of Osiris^
and which is closely imitated in the enchorial cfaa«
racter that I had already ascertained. I founds also>
that the emblem which I hisui taken Tor mother
could only be translated wife, as it was applied to
Cleopatra with relation to her husband Ptolemy ;
and that a father was denoted by a bird with
an arm, as I had at first inferred from the pillar tf
Rosetta, though I afterwards abandoned the opi-
nion, from supposing that I had found another
emblem for Ptolemy Philopator. It happ^iied,
however, by mere accident, that the advantage
which I derived from this source was much less
considerable than might have been expected,
both from its abundance and from its unconta-
minated purity ; but I had been rather disposed
to defer the ultimate study of Mr. Bankes's coi*
lections, till their publication i^ould give me a
free right to employ them 'in any manner that I
aight think proper. Some remarks, however,
that occurred to me in consequence of looking
them over, I incorporated in a little essay which
I gave to Mr. Belzoni, and which makes tkt. ap*
pendix to the second edition of his travels. I
liave here observed, in speaking of the reference
of the supposed Jewish captives, exhibited in the
c&teLComh of my '^ Psammis," to the expeditions of
Necho to Jerusalem, in the time of King Josiah
9nd Jehoahaz, " that there are some difficulties
»
33 ADDITIONAL INFERENCES.
in reconciling the name of Psammis with some
other monuments, and in particular with a most
important fragment of an enumeration of the
kings of Egypt, discovered by Mr. Bankes, at
Abydos. In this there are only two kings inter-
vening between this Psammis and the Memnon
of the ancients : so that, if Pliny is right in his
account of this obelise, the popular tradition
lespecting the colossus, supposed to . represent
Afemnon, must be erroneous. This, indeed, it
would not be difficult to admit, as very likely to
have happened in the case of any popular tradi-
tion ; but there is a still greater difficulty in the
inscription found by Mr. Bankes on the 4eg of
the colossus at Ebsambul, in which Psammetichus
is mentioned ; and if this was the first Psammeti-
chus, as appears in some respects to be the more
probable, it would follow that the king who
founded that temple was more ancient than
Psammetichus. But it is abundantly certain
that our Psammis was prior to the founder of
that temple: so that either that Psammetichus
must be of much later date, as the employment
of the Greek "¥ in the inscription would indeed
appear to indicate, or this catacomb was not con-
structed in honour of the son of Pharaoh Necho.
It has also been observed by an accomplished
scholar, who is much attached to the pursuit of
Egyptian antiquities, that, according to the testi-
mony of Herodotus, all the kings of this dynasty
J
^^
ADDITIONAL INFERENCES. 33
were buried at Sais, and that we must either
reject this evidence, or admit that neither Psainmis
norNecho can be the personage here represented.
We may, however, hope, that future researches
will furnish us with materials, that may enable us
to remove this and many other diflSculties, which
at present envelope the chronology of the kings
of Egypt.^S^ ^
T>
CHAPTER IV
COLLECTIONS OF THE FRENCH. MR. DROVETTI.
MR. CHAMPOLLION's DISCOVERIES.
ALTHOUGH the discovery of the general import
of the hieroglyphics has by no means excited any
great sensation in this country, yet the activity
of the various collectors resident in Egypt seems
to have been in some measure stimulated by it.
Important additions have been made, or are
about to be made, to the Egyptian department of
the British Museum ; and in France, the magni-
ficent liberality of the Government, together with
the ini^atiable curiosity of some affluent indivi-
duals, has held out ample encouragement , to the
commercial antiquarian.
I thought myself extremely fortunate, in my
return from the short excursion to Rome and
Naples, that I made in the autumn of 1821, to
have discovered at Leghorn, among a multitude
of Egyptian antiquities, belonging to Mr. Dro-
vetti, the French consul at Alexandria, which had
MB. DROVETTI. 35
long Iain warehoused there^ a stone containing
an enchorial and a Greek inscription, which wias
known to have existed formerly at Menouf, but
'which had been lost and almost forgotten by
European travellers in Egypt, and I believe by
Mr. Drovetti himself; for I am informed that it
i^ not mentioned in the catalogue of his Museum,
which has been sent to Paris and elsewhere.
Although both the inscriptions appeared to be al-
most illegible, yet I did not despair of being able,
in a proper light, and with sufficient patience,
to decipher the greater part; and I should have
been tempted to remain a few days at Leghorn^
in order to make the experiment, if I could have
obtained permission from the merchants, to whose
care the collection was entrusted. The more,
however, that I considered the importance of the
only supplement tio the pillsur of Hosetta, that
then appeared to be in existence, the more
anxiety I felt to make some effort, to secure it
from' oblivion or destruction ; and with more sim-
plicity, perhaps, than good policy, when I returned
to Pisa in the evening, I wrote a letter to MM.
Mompurgo, of which I shall here insert a trans-
lation.
*' Gentlemen^
** Having fully reflected on the singular import-
ance of the Greek inscription, which I mentioned
to you this morning, and the irreparable misfor-
36 MR. DROVETTI.
tune that would be incurred, in case that the
pillar containing it should ever be lost by ship-
wreck, I have determined to msike you a proposal,
which I hope you will not find any impropriety
in accepting.
" I am very desirous of sending an experienced
artist from Florence, in order to make two im-
pressions in plaster, and two tracings on paper, of
this stone ; upon condition, that they be considered
as the property of Mr. Drovetti, and remain in
your possession, until you have received his
answer to the inquiry, whether he will permit
them to be sent to London, either for myself or
for the British Museum, and what price he would
expect to receive for them. And in case that
he should not think proper to fix such a price on
them, as we might agree to pay, I am willing to
consent, that they should remain in his collection,
upon dondition, however, that if this collec-
tion should ever be reembarked, for conveyance
by sea, they should be kept at Leghorn, until the
original stone should have arrived safely at the
pkce of its destination, in order to avoid the
chance of wholly losing this literary treasure by
shipwreck.
" Whatever may be Mr. Drovetti's decision, I
trust that this application, from one who flatters
himself that he is the only person' living, that can
fully appreciate the value of the object in ques-
tion, will at least not be disagreeable to hiln. I
MR. DROVETTI. 37
will beg of you to send me an early answer,
directed to Schneiderff's Hotel at Florence.
T. Y. Sec. R. S. Lond.
Pisa, 5th Sept. 1821."
MM. Mompurgo readily agreed to my pro-
posal, and I engaged a distinguished artist of.
Florence to undertake the performance of my
plan ; but I believe he was accidentally prevented
from fulfilling his engagement. It appears, how-
- •
ever, that his labour, as far as I was concerned,
would have been wholly lost ; for Mr. Drovetti's
cupidity seems to have been roused by the disco-
very of an unknown treasure, and he lias given
me to understand, that nothing should induce him
to separate it from the remainder of his extensive
and truly valuable collection, of which he thinks
it so well calculated to enhance the price ; and
he refuses to allow any kind of copy of it to be
taken.
But, as it often happens to those who are too
eager to monopolize, he has now outstood his
market, and the pearl of great price, which six
months ago I would have purchased for much
more than its value, is now become scarcely
worth my acceptance. I was principally anxious
to obtain from it a collateral confirmation of my
interpretation of the enchorial inscription of Ro-
setta ; but .having fortunately acquired materials,,
from other sources, which are amply sufficient
38 HR. OROVETTI.
for tki& puipose^ I can wait, with ^eat patieaee^
for any little extension, which my enehoriai voca-
bulary might receive from this source. I had in-
ferred from a note, that had been sent me several
years before, respecting the stone of Menouf^ by
Mrw Jomard, that the first words of the Greek
inscription must have been BASIAEI IITOAEMAIXII
NEAI AlDNTZill, but this was all that the. gentle-
inan, who described it, had even attempted to copy.
The first circumstajace, that repressed my eager-
ness to obtain a .copy of Drovetti's inscriptions,
was the arrival of Mr. Gasati at Pari^, with a par-
eel of mstnoscffipts^ laancnig^- which JMhw.Champol-
hon discover-ed one that considerably resembled,
in its. preamble, the enchorial, text of. the pillar of
Rosettia: and the value of this, discovery was
afterwards almost miraculously multipUed, by the
existence of a Gieek translatmn of the same ma-
nuscrijxt, which has breen brought to. London by
Mr. Grey.
Having had occasion, in the month of Septem-
ber last, to accompany some . fiiiemls in a short
visit to Paris, I was very agreeably sutpris^ with
several litemry and scientific novelties of uncom-
inon interest, and all of thepi such as either had
originated, or might have originated, firom my own
pursuits.. I had first the pleasure of hearing, at a
meeting of the Academy of Sciences, an optical
paper read by Mr. Fresnel ; who, though he ap-
pears to have rediscovered, by his own efforts.
MR. FR£SN£L. 39
the laws of the interference of light, and though he
has applied them^ hy some very refined calcula-
tions, to cases which I had almost despaired of
being able to explain by them, has,, on all occa-
sions, and particularly in a very luminous state-
ment of the theory, lately inserted in a traiislation
c^ Thomson's Chemistry,^ acknowledged, with the
mast scrupulous justice, and the most liberal
candour, th6 ixidiiiiputable priority of my investi-
gations. ' In the^ourse of the same week, I was
invited to sit. next; ta. Mr. Champollion junior,
while he was reading, to the Academy of Belles
Lettres, a Memoir on the Analysis of the Inscrip-
tion of Rosetta : he, alsoy had b^en partly antici<-
pated in his result by what had been done in thin
country : though I could not help fancying, that
he had not so completely fbrgivien the injury,ia£r
his countryman Mr. Fresnel appeared to have
done. But Mr. Ftesnel is the friend of Arago,
and nothing more requires to be said of his cha-
racter and Bentim^its; ^'
I inusty however^ at. once beg ito be understood,
that I fully; and sincerely acquit Mr. Champollion
of any intentions actually dishotroiirable: and if
I liave hinted; that I- h^ve received an imprdssion
of somtething" like a want of liberality in his con-
duct^ I 'have onlythrowo; dut this intimation, as
an apohxgy for ' being oblig^ to plead my <>wn
cause, and not as having any right to complain of
his silence, or as having any desire or occasion to
' i—g i
40 MR. CHAMPOLLION.
profit by his indulgence : at the same time I am
far from wishing to renounce his friendship, or to
forego the pleasure and advantage of his future
correspondence.
At the beginning of my Egyptian researches, I
had accidentally received a letter from Mr. Cham-
poUion, which accompanied a copy of his i^ork
on the state of Egypt under the Pharaohs, sent as-
a present to the Royal Society : and as he re-
quested some particular information respecting
several parts of the enchorial inscription of Ro-
setta, which were imperfectly represented in the
engraved copies, I readily answered his inquiries
from a reference to the original monument in the
British Museum : and a short time afterwards I
sent him a copy of my conjectural translation of
the inscriptions, as it was inserted in the Archae-
ologia. .
Of Mr. ChampoUion's Egypte sous les Pharaons,
the two volumes, that have hitherto appeared,
relate only to the geography of ancient
Egypt, and especially to the determination of the
old Egyptian names of places, as compared with
the Greek and the Arabic, by the assistance of
Coptic manuscripts, and other intermediate docu-
ments. The work exhibits considerable research,
and, some ingenuity: the author had devoted his
life to one very extensive pursuit, and he proposed'
to illustrate every part of his subject, by the most
minute investigation of every circumstance, that
MR. CHAMPOLLION. 41
could be brought to bear upon it. The under-
taking, commenced on so large a scale, appears
to have proceeded but slowly ; nor is it probable
that the life of any man would be sufficient for its
complete execution.
With regard. to the enchorial Inscription, Mr.
ChampoUion appeared to me to have done at that .
time but little. A few of the references, that he
made to it, seemed to depend entirely upon Mr.
Akerblad's investigations, although, as I have for-
merly had occasion to remark, it was tacitly
that he adopted Mr. Akerblad's conclusions. I
imagine, however, that he even now retains some
erroneous prepossessions, which he had imbibed-
from Mr. Akerblad, although, very possibly, with-
out recollecting their exact origin; in particular
respecting the adoption of some Greek epithets,
without translation, into the enchorial inscription :
this question, however, I trust is now set at rest,
by means of some later discoveries.
Mr. ChampoUion continued to reside at Greno-
ble, where he had some employment in the public
library, till the beginning of 1821. I had not a
convenient opportunity of sending him any of my
later papers ; and it was not till after he had left
Grenoble, that he read the Article Egypt of the
Supplement of the Encyclopaedia, into which their
contents were condensed. He had been devoting
himself, in the mean time, to the uninterrupted
study of the enchorial inscription, and he ap^
42 MR. CIIAMPOLUOK.
pears to have discoverecU before he came to
the original identity of theae characters with the
imperfect imitations of the more distinct hierogly-
phics. Whether he made this, discovery before I
had printed my letters in the. Museum Criticum,
I have no means of aseertaining : I have never
asked him the question, nor is it of much conse-
quence, either . to the world at large or to our-
selves. It may not be strictly just,, to say, that a
man has no right to claim any discovery as his
own, till he has printed and published it : but the
rule is at least a very useful one. It is always
easy to publish such an account of a discovery,
as to establish the right of originality, without
affording much facility to the pursuits of a com-
petitor : although it is generally true, that not oAly
honesty, but even liberality, is the best policy.
Passing by, however, what I had already done,
by far the most important to me was what I had
not done, and there was enough of this to satisfy
me, that Mr. Champollion. was at least capable of
doing many things, witk respect to which his
claim of actual priority might appear more .than
doubtful.
He had found, in the first place, among the
multitude of Egyptian papyri, which he had taken
the trouble to copy at length, with the permission
of their various possessors, one in particular, of
which a series of the chapters were pretty ob-
viously numbered in the enchorial character, the
MR. CHAMPOLLION. 43
series extending, with a few iuterraptions, from
1 to 20, He had alr^uly a^iplied this discovery
to the' illustration of jsome parts of the pillar of
Rosetta : and I have since derived at least equal
advantage from it, in the examination of the en-
chorial papyrus of Casati.
He had also discovered a fragment of a pillar
formerly in the possession of the Due de Choiseul,
which exhibited the character for a month, followed
by several various groups; together- with different
numbers, evidently - hpidicative of days ; so that
to the names, of the three months, which} had
discovered, he was ^labled to ad^ at least four
more, though without completely ascertaining to
which of the month^ these new symbols belofuged.
Mt. ChampoUion had ascertained, in the third
place, the analogy of one pf the manuscripts, pur-
cha^ed: of Ca^ati^^ to the ^raichorial inscription of
Rosetta, and he had obtained from it^ without dif-
ficulty, the mode of writing the name Cleopatra in
that character. He did not^ however^ then men-
tion to me the imp<^ant consequence^ which he
hati derived from this discovery;, these, it serais,
were the subject of a short paper rjead to the Aca-
demy the succeeding Friday ; and it will be pro-
per to extract a more particular account of them,
from his Letter to Mr. Dacier, since printed ; in
which I did certainly expect to find the chrono-
logy of my own researches a little more distinctly
stated.
44 MR. CHAMPOLLION.
'' The hieroglyphieal text of the inscription of
Rosetta," he observes, (p. 6), " exhibited^ on ac-
count of its fractures, only the name of Ptolemy.
The obelise found in the Isle of Philae, and lately
removed to London, contains also the hierogly-
phieal name of one of the Ptolemies^ expressed by
the same characters that occur in the inscription
of Rosetta, surrounded by a ring or border, and
it is followed by a second border, which must
necessarily contain the proper name of a woman,
and of a queen of the family of the Lagidae, since
this group is terminated by the hieroglyphics ex-
pressive of the feminine gender ; characters which
are found at the end of the names of all the Egyp-
tian goddesses without exception. The obelise
was fixed, it is said, to a basis bearing a Greek
inscription, which is a petition of the priests of
Isis at Philae, addressed to King Ptolemy, to
Cleopatra his sister, and to Cleopatra his wife.
Now, if this obelise, and the hieroglyphieal in-
scription engraved on it, were the result of this
petition, which in fact adverts to the consecration
of a monument of the kind, the border, with the
feminine proper name, can only be that of one of
the Cleopatras. This name, and that of Ptolemy,
which in the Greek have several letters in com-
mon, were capable of being employed for a com-
parison of the hieroglyphieal characters com-
posing them; and if the similar characters in
these names expressed in both the same sounds.
MR. CHAMPOLLION. 46
it followed that their nature must be entirely
phonetic."
. This course of investigation appears, indeed, to
be so simple and so natural, that the reader must
naturally be inclined to forget that any prelimi-
nary steps were required: and to take it for
granted, either that it had long been known and
admitted, that the rings on the pillar of Rosetta
contained the name of Ptolemy, and that the semi-
circle and the oval constituted the female termi-
nation, or that Mr. ChampoUion himself had been
the author of these discoveries.
It had, however, been one of the greatest diffi-
culties attending the translation of the hierogly-
phics of Rosetta, to explain how the groups
within the rings, which varied considerably in
different parts of the pillar, and which occurred
in several places where there was no correspond-
ing name in the Greek, while they were not to be
found in others where they ought to have ap-
peared, could possibly represent the name of
Ptolemy; and it was not without considerable
labour that I had been able to overcome this diffi-
culty. The interpretation of the female termina-
tion had never, I believe, been suspected by any
but myself: nor had the name of a single god or
goddess, out of more than five hundred that I
have collected, been clearly pointed out by any
person.
46 MR. CHAMPOLLIOK.
But, however Mr. ChampoUion may have ar-
rived at his conclusions, I admit them, with .the
greatest pleasure and gratitude, not by any means
as superseding my system, but as fully confirming
and extending it* And here I am compelled to
advert to a note of Mr. ChampoUion's, which I fear
will be thought to go a little beyond a tacii adap-
tion of my opinions, and to approach very near to
an unintentional misrepresentation.. *'It must,
without doubt, (^. 15,) have been by the form of
this symbol, which has some resemblance to the
figure of a basket, tiliat Dr. Young was led to re-
cognise the name of Berenice in the border that
actually contains it. But he was of opinion that
the hieroglyphics constituting proper names were
employed as expressing whole syllables, that they
were therefore a sort ofrebmes, and that the first
character of the name c^ Berenice, for example,
represented the syllable bir, which means a basket
in the Egyptian language; This mistaken sup-
position has yitiated, in great measure, the pho-;
netic analysis whif^K he ha& attempted of the name^
q( Ptolemy BXkd Bicremee, i& which,, notwithstand-
ii)g> he has recognised th^; phonetic values of foar
of the characters: these/vare the p, one of the
forms of the T, one of the jlotans of the m, and the
i; but thewhole of his syllabic aljAabet, esta-
blished from these two ilames only, was completely
inapplicable to the great number of proper names
>m. CHAMPOLtlON. 47
phoneticd^Uy ej^pres^ed on the various monuments
of Egypt. . .Encyclopaedia Britannica, Supplement,
IV. Pt. i. Edinb: Dec. 1819/'
Now, if Mr. ChampoUioh had attended to my
expressions, he must have perceived that it was
not by 9xiy r&embiance of dox imagmary nature that
I was '* led to recognise the name of Berenice ; '
but by external dvidence only^ ** The appellation
SoTERts," I have observed. Art. 67, " as a dual,
i» well marked in the inscription of Rosetta, and
the character, thus determined, explains a long
name in the temple at Ed£bu..58. The wife of
Ptolemy Sot^r, and mother of Philadelphus, was
B£R£Nic£, whx)se name i& found on a ceiling at
Karnak, in ihe phrase, " Ptolemy and . . Bere-
nice, the saviour gods" In this name we appear
to have another specim^i of syllabic and alpha-
betical writing Combilied, in a manner not ex-
tremely unlike the ludicrous mixtures pf words
and things with whidi children < are sometimes
amused; for however Warburton's indignation
might be excited by such a comparison, it is per-
fectly true that, occaBionally, " the sublime differs
from the ridiculous by a single step only.". • I
have then proceeded to state, as conjectural m-
ferencesy the syllabic analogies: but instead of
four letters which Mr. Ghampollion is pleased to
allow me, I have marked, in a subsequent chapter
of this Essay, nine^ which I have actually specified
in different, parts of my paper in the Supplement :
48 MR. CHAMPOLLION.
and to these he has certainly added three new
anes; or four, if he chooses to reckon the
£ as a fourth. I allow that I suspected the
B, the L, and the s, to be sometimes used syl-
labically : but the analogy of these characters
with the enchorial alphabet was so well marked,
that my attempt to refine upon it could not easily
have embarrassed any one in making the applica-
tion. Mr. ChampoUion has never been led, in
any one instance, from the Egyptian name of
an object, to infer the phonetic interpretation, that
is, the alphabetical power of its symbol : but the
letters having once been ascertained, he has ran-
sacked his memory or his dictionary for some name
that he thought capable of being applied to the sym-
bol : and not always, as it appears to me, in the most
natural manner : I should prefer, for instance, the
word HRERi, a flower, as making the r, to the name
of pomegranate, which, it seems, was sometimes
called ROMAN or erman. I must also observe that
my intention,' in placing the Coptic names in my
vocabulary of hieroglyphics, was to assist in tracing
any such analogies that might suggest themselves :
and in the instance of am or em, N. 123, the read-
ing approaches very near to one of the letters,
added by Mr. ChampoUion to my alphabet.
With respect to the diversity of characters re-
presenting the same letter, it will be observed
that I have marked three forms of the m, three of
the N, with a fourth that was suggested to me by
MR. CHAMPOLLION. 49
Mr, BankeB, two of the p or ph, and ttoo of the s.
Of these last, I cannot omit to observe, that Mr.
Champollion has devoted at least a page of his
letter (p^ 13, 14) to the demonstration bf the
identity of these same forms : and that it would not
have been unnatural to refer, in a single line of
that page, to the assertion of the same identity,
which I had made in the article Egtpt, No. 102.
'* The bent line is often exchanged in the manu-
scripts for the divided staff, and both are repre-
sented in the running hand by a figure like a 9 or
a 4." The remainder of the forms, assigned to the
letters, are all due to Mr. ChampoUion's ingenious
and successful investigations.
It so happens, that in the lithographical sketch
of the obelise of Philae, which had been put into
my hands by its adventurous and liberal possessor,
the artist has expressed the first letter of the name
of Cleopatra by a t instead of a k, and as I had
not leisure at the time to enter into a very minute
comparison of the name with other authorities, I
suffered myself to be discouraged with respect to
the application of my alphabet to its analysis, and
contented mysTelf with observing, that if the steps
of the formation of an alphabet were not exactly
such as I had pointed out, they must at least
have been very nearly of the same nature. In
return, I was complimented for my 6andc^,
while I ought, perhaps, to have been rieproved for
my timidity* If, however, I may jud^e from my
£
50 MR. CHAMPOLUOK.
late correspondence with Mr ChampoUion^ he
does not appear to be altogether so averse to the
admission of syllabic characters on some occa*
sions, as his note upon my '* false point of de-
parture " appears to imply : and I think he will
find, in the evidence now first made public, re-
specting the enchorial character, some additional
grounds for enforcing the opinion. I shall insert
a specimen of one variety of each of the names
which he has succeeded in deciphering : observ-
ing only, that his alphabet could scarcely have
agreed so well with the various combinations of
these names, as it appears to do, if it had not
been in great measure correct: and that I also
fully agree with Mr. ChampoUion in his inter-
pretation of the phrase of the Pamfilian obelise,
which he translates, who has received the
KINGDOM FROM Vespasian HIS FATHER : the samc
phras^e occurring on the pillar of Rosetta, as well
as on the obelise of Philae, where it had served
to correct my later opinion respecting the symbol
for FATHER. It is here evident that the expres-
sion cannot relate, as Mr. St. Martin imagines it
must have done in the inscriptions of Rosetta, to
the immediate iastallation of a son by the hands
of his father ; but that the right of inheritance ojily
was implied by it. I am not however convinced,
by the coherence of this passage, that the greater
part of the obelise was ever intended by the
sculptor to convey a connected meaning; and at:
<g i 1 r« i i ^ ■ ■! >i**i ' 1 1 mt "
MR. CHAMPOLLION. 51
any rate the explanation confirms the opinion, that
I had expressed, respecting the Roman origin of
the workmanship. There are a few of the busts,
now placed in the magical gallery of the Vatican,
which appeared to me, on the contrary, to have
been brought from Egypt with their genuine and
ancient inscriptions, and to have had their fea.
tures newly formed, and more highly polished, by
Roman artists of the age of Adrian, in whose villa
at Tivoli they were principally found.
Mr. ChampoUion has lately had the goodness
to communicate to me, by letter, some suggestions,
which, I conclude, he is on the point of making
public, and I therefore take the liberty of men-^
tioning them,, as far as I think them at all admis-
sible, though, perhaps, a little preniaturely. He
is disposed to refer the name, which I consider as
that of the father of Amasis, to Sesostris,. as
synonymous with Ramesses, which he thinks the
characters are probably intended to express pho-
netically. Now I readily allow, that where this
name is written fully and accurately, as it is re-
peatedly found in Mr. Bankes's gr^it catalogtie of
Abydos, it may without much violence be read
nearly as Mr. ChampoUion proposes, *' the ap-
proved by Phthah, Ramesses/' or *' the counter*
part of Phthah, Ramesses ; " the first part of ike
group undergoing several synonymous variations,
while the end remains unchanged ; although, if
this reading were established, i should refer the
52 MR. CHAMPOLLION.
first name to Amenophis or Mehvon, who was
the son of Ramesses, or of Armesses called
Miamun ; and to whom the tomb of my Ama^
is said to be attributed in the Greek and Latin
inscriptions which are found in it ; who is also
said to have built the palace of Abydos, on which
my Ama^is evidently appears as the founder ; who
is more easily understood than Amasis to be prior
to the Psammetichus mentioned at Ebsambul;
and, who is more likely than Amasis to have been
at Berytus, or Nahr el Kelb, where Mr. Wyse, as
I am informed by Sir William Gell» has distinctly
observed this name, accompanied by the nail-
headed characters. All these reasons are more
than sufficient to counterbalance the single as-
sertion of Pliny ; and we should be obliged to
change my Psammis, according to his place in
Mr. Bankes's table of kings, into the Armais of
Manetho ; though the vocal Menmon of the nu-
merous inscriptions would be converted by this
comparison into Queen Rathotis, or we should
be oMiged to leave out three of Msmetho's list, to
bring him up to the Amenophis who is called the
Trojan Memnon by that author. All this is, in-
deed, a little alluring, and several suppositions
might be introduced to overcome the difficulties :
but unfortunately the fundamental supposition
appears to be liable to an insurmountable objec-
tion; that the circle, which Mr. Champollion
considers as equivalent to the re or ba of Rames-
MR. CHAMPOLLION. 53
ses, is also the first character of each of the seven-
teen names unmediately preceding it» and indeed
of every other in the catalogue, that remains un-
mutilated at the beginning.
I am therefore sorry to say that I cannot hitherto
congratulate Mr. Champollion on the success of
his attempts to carry his system of phonetic cha-
racters into the very remotest antiquity of Egypt :
he appears, however, to have a better prospect
of elucidating some of the Persian names, having,
as he informs me, been able to identify that of
Xerxes, both in the hieroglyphics, and in the nail-
headed characters, by means of a vase of alabaster,
on which both are found together. This is, in-
deed, a wonderful opening for literary enterprise ;
and I am ev^n inclined to hope, from Mr. Cham-
poUion's latest communications, that he will find
some means of overcoming the difficulties that I
have stated respecting the Pharaohs, for he as-
sures me, that he has identified the names of no
less than thirty of them, and that they accord
with the traditions of Manetho, and, as far as he
can judge, with the notes that I had sent him of
an attempt that I had formerly made to assign
temporary names to the kings enumerated at
Abydos, in which those of all the later ones
began with the syllable re. He will easily be-
lieve that I wish for a satisfactory answer to my
own objections : and, in fact, the further that he
advances by the exertion of his own talents and
I
54 MR. CHAMPOLLION.
ingenuity, the more easily he will be able to
admit, without any exorbitant sacrifice of his
fame, the claim that I have advanced to a priority
with respect to the first elements of all his re-
searches ; and I cannot help thinking that he will
ultimately feel it most for his own snbstantial
honour and reputation, to be more anxious to
admit the jusi claims of others than they can be
to advance them.
CHAPTER V.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPTS BROUGHT
FROM EGYPT BY MR. GREY.
I AM impatient to turn, from every thing of a
polemical or personal nature, to a field that has
hitherto been exclusively in my o'l^n possession,
in consequence of an event, which is the most im«
portant, considered as a single occurrence, that
has taken place since the commencement of my
Egyptian researches. It was very soon after my
return from France> that George Francis Grey, Esq.
of University College, Oxford, having been at
Naples upon his return from Egypt, was so good
as to bring me a few lines from my old friend
Sir William Gell, himself a very successful travel-
ler, and who has always pursued with ardour
the last vestiges of the interesting remains of anti-
quity, both by his personal exertions, and by
assisting and directing the enterprises of others.
Mr. Grey had the kindness, on the 22d of
November last, to leave with me a box, contain-
ing several fine specimens of writing and draw-
ing on papyrus; they were chiefly in hierogly-
phics, and of a mythological nature : but the tw«
56 MR. grey's manuscripts.
which he had before described to me, as particu-
larly deserving attention, and which were brought,
through his judicious precautions, in excellent
preservation, both contained some Greek charac-
ters, written apparently in a pretty legible hand.
He had purchased them of an Arab at Thebes, in
January 1820; and that which was most intelli-
gible had appeared, at first sight, to contain some
words relating to the service of the Christian
church. Mr. Grey was so good as to give me
leave to make any use of these manuscripts that
I pleased ; and he readily consented to their in-
sertion among the lithographic copies of the
** Hieroglyphics, collected by the Egyptian So-
ciety," which I had undertaken to superintend
from^time to time, in great measure for the private
use of an association of my own friends, not suffi-
ciently numerous to insure any permanent stabi-
lity to its continuance.
Mr. ChampoUion had done me the favour, while
I was at Paris, to copy for me some parts of the very
important papyrus, which I have before mentioned
as having given him the name of Cleopatra ; and of
which the discovery was certainly a great event
in Egyptian literature, since it was the first time
that any intelligible characters, of the enchorial
form, had been discovered among the many manu-*
scripts and iniscriptions that had been examined,
and since it furnished Mr. ChampoUion at the
g^ime time with a name, which materially advanced^
mi mmmmm^m^^^^^mm^m^mmmmim^^mmfilf^^^^^'^^^^^^^^^'
MR. grey's manuscripts. 57
if I understood him rightly, the steps that have led
hini to his very important extension of the hierogly*
phical alphabet. He had mentioned to me, in con-
versation, the names of Apollonius, '' Antiochus,"
and Antigonus, as occurring among the witnesses ;
and I easily recognised the groups which he had
deciphered: although, instead of iln/iocAi^, I read
Antimachm ; and I did not recollect at the time
that he had omitted the m.
In the evening of the day that Mr. Grey had
brought me his manuscripts, I proceeded impa-
tiently to examine that which was in Greek only :
and I could scarcely believe that I was awake,
and in my sober senses, when I observed, among
the names of the witness^, a^timachus antige-
Nis : and, a few lines further back, portis apol-
LONii; although the last word could not have
been very easily deciphered, without the assist-
ance of the conjecture, which immediately occur-
red to me, that this manuscript might perhaps be
a translation of the enchorial manuscript of Gasati :
I found that its beginning was, ** A copy of an
Egyptiim writing . . . ; " and I proceeded to ascer*
tain, that there were the same number of names,
intervening between the Greek, and the Egyptian
signatures, that I had identified, and that the same
number followed the last of them ; and the whole
number of witnesses appeared to be sixteen in
each. The last paragraph in the Greek began
with the words, " Copy of the Registry ; " for such
58 MR. grey's manuscripts.
must be the signification of the word IITAliATOZ,
employed in this papyrus, though it does not ap-
pear to occur any where else in a similar significa^
tion. I could not, therefore, but conclude, that
a most extraordinary chance had brought into my
possession a document which was not very likely,
in the first place, ever to have existed, still less to
have been preserved uninjured, for my informa-
tion, through a period of near two thousand years :
but that this very extraordinary translation should
have been brought safely to Europe, to England,
and to me, at the very moment when it was most
tration of an original which. I was then studying,
but without any other reasonable hope of being
able fully to comprehend it; this combination
would, in other times, have been considered as
affording ample evidence of my having become an
Egyptian sorcerer.
Mr. ChampoUion had not thought it worth while
to give me a transcript of the original Greek en-
dorsement : he seemed to consider it as not fully
agreeing with the Egyptian text, or, at any rate,
as not materially assisting in its interpretation:
perhaps, also, he thought it best for me to try my
strength upon the original, without any little as-
sistance that might have been derived from it
with respect to two or three of the names : or, as
I am more disposed to believe, he was fearful of
offending some of his countrymen, by making too
MR. grey's manuscripts. 59
public what he had no right to communicate with-
out their leave : for after an accidental delay of
a month, the answer that I received from Paris
was only such as to enable me to state, that my
opinion of the identity of the two endorsements
is fully confirmed. I have lost, however, no time
in sending to the Conservators of the King's cabi-
net a copy of my registry ; with a request to be
favoured with theirs in return, in order that I
might have the sarnie advantage from the compa-
rison, which I voluntarily afforded the Parisian
critics, without any reserve or delay ; and in order
that the duplicates may stand side by side in the
lithographical copy, which has only waited for
their answer, to have a vacant space filled up, and
to be sent to them entire. In the mean time, I
have only to wish, that the philologists of Paris
may do as ample justice to these papyri, as one
of the most distinguished of their number, Mr.
Letronne, has lately done to the inscriptions of the
Oasis, of which I had made a very hasty translation
from a single copy only, not having had the means
of comparing it properly with the second.
My application for the copy of the Registry has
been received with the liberality which was to be
expected from the directors of a great institution,
and I have to return my best thanks to Mr. Raoul
Rochette, for a correct copy of the whole of this
highly important manuscript, which I am happy to
find that it is his intention to publish in a short time.
60 MR. grey's maxuscripts.
I am most anxious to avoid anticipating him, in
the gratification of the public curiosity, with re-
gard to this interesting relic : but as I find that
some account of the Registry has already been
made public by Mr. St. Martin, I conceive my-
self at liberty to make use, at least, of this part
of the manuscript : and I do not imagine that Mr.
Raoul Rochette means to employ himself on the
enchorial conveyance.
The contents of Mr, Grey's Greek manuscript
are of a nature scarcely less remarkable than its
preservation and discovery : it relates to the sale,
not of a house or a field, but of a portion of the
Collections and Offerings made from time to time
on account, or for the benefit, of a certain number
of MuiiMiEs, of persons described at length, in
very bad Greek, with their children and all their
households. The price is not very clearly ex-
pressed ; but as the portion sold is only a moiety
of a third part of the whole, and as the testimony
of sixteen witnesses was thought necessary on
the occasion, it is probable that the revenue,
thus obtained by the priests, was by no means
inconsiderable.
The result, derived at once from this comparison,
is the identification of more than thirty proper
names as they were written in the running hand
of the country. It might appear, upon a super-
ficial consideration, that a mere catalogue of pro-
per names would be of little comparative value
MR. grey's manuscripts. 61
in assisting us to recover the lost elements of a
language. But, in fact, they possess a consider-
able advantage, in the early stages of such an
investigation, from the greater facility and cer-
tainty with which they are identified, Bsxd from
their independence of any grammatical inflexions,
at least in the present case; by means of which
they lead us immediately to a full understanding
of the orthographical system of the language,
where any such system can be traced.
The general inference, to be derived from an
examination of the names now discovered, is
somewhat more in favour of an extensive employ-
ment of an alphabetical mode of writing, than any
that could have been deduced from the pillar of
Rosetta, which exhibits, indeed, only foreign
names, and affords us therefore little or no informa-
tion respecting the mode of writing the original
Egyptian names of the inhabitants. Several of
the words, which occur in these documents, and
more especially in those which are hereafter to
be mentioned, might be read pretty correctly, by
means of the alphabet originally made out by Mr.
Akerblad from the foreign names of the enchorial
mscription; but there are many more which ap-
pear to be rather syllabically than alphabetically
constituted : and the names of the different deities
seem to be very commonly employed in writing
them ; for instance, those of Horus, Ammon, and
Isis ; and perhaps in the same way that they are
62 MR. OR£T*S MANUSCRIPTS.
often composed, in the mythological manuscripts,
found with the mummies : in which, for want of
the occurrence of a ring or border, or of the cor-
responding enchorial marks, I had concluded that
the groups could not be intended to represent the
ordinary names of the individuals. But these
marks are, in fact, by no means constantly em-
ployed in the enchorial papyri ; and they seem
only to have been inserted when either great
precision, or some distinguished mark of respect
was required-
Important, however, as are the additions that are
likely to be made to our knowledge by means of
this " Antigraph", it is by no means the only va-
luable acquisition for which we are indebted to
the enterprise and the diligence of Mr. Grey : a
second papyrus, of considerably greater magni-
tude, contains three Egyptian conveyances in the
enchorial character, with Separate registries on
the margin^ in very legible Greek. These are not
only of use for the illustration of other similar do-
cuments, but they afford us also many additional
examples of enchorial proper naities, besides a
general idea of the subjects of the respective ma-
nuscripts, all of which relate to the sale of lands
in the neighbourhood of Thebes. It will be most
convenient to consider them as parts of a ^series, of
which those are the first to be examined, that are
the most capable of affording an independent tes-
timony; beginning with the Greek papyrus in
MR. grey's manuscripts, 63
the possession of Mr. Anastafiy, the Swedish con*
sul at Alexandria, and proceeding to the Antigraph
and its original, and thence to the three enchorial
manuscripts, which are also the property of Mr.
Grey. It is scarcely conceivable, by a person
who has not made the experiment; how much
the diflSculty of reading a depraved character is
almost universally diminished by the comparison
of two or three copies of the same or of similar
passages ; the words, which would be wholly un-
intelligible in either taken singly, being often very
easily legible when both are at once under the eye ;
and, still more conmionly, a word which is confused
or contracted in one,' being written clearly or at
length in another.
It is in this manner, that several of the defi-
ciencies of the manuscript of Anastasy, as edited
by the learned and ingenious Professor Bockh of
Berlin, have been in some measure supplied, in
the late republication at Paris, by the care of Mr.
Jomard, from a comparison with the Greek manu-
scripts purchased of Mr. Casati, in order to be
added to the unrivalled treasures of literature
contained in the King's library and cabinet. Se-
veral more of the obscurities of this manuscript^
if not the whole, I flatter myself are now removed,
by the further comparison, which I have attempted
to make, by means of Mr. Grey's indulgence in
allowing me the use of his manuscripts; and
by means of the duplicate which I have received
1
64 MR. grey's manuscripts.
from Paris in exchange for the registry of his
Antigraph.
The manuscript of Anastasy, besides its curio'-
sity as a subject of antiquarian and historical
research, becomes of great importance, in this
inquiry, as affording a more complete specimen,
than the Antigraph, of the usual form of a contract
in Egypt under the Ptolemies; and as assisting
in the investigation of the sense of the preamble
of the enchorial manuscript, which is omitted in
the Antigraph. I shall therefore insert here a
translation of this document, and shall reprint the
original in an appendix, with such corrections as
I have thought it appeared to require ; in order
to restore it to the form intended by the writer.
The registries, in their original language, I shall
print side by side, and in the order of time which
I attribute to them.
PAPYRUS OF ANASTASy. 65
TRANSLATION OF THE GREEK PAPYRUS OF
ANASTASY.
See Appendix I.
(1) In the reign of Cleopatra and Ptolemy her
son surnamed Alexander, the Gods Philometores
Soteres, in the year XII, otherwise IX ; in the
priesthood of the existing priests (2) in Alexan-
dria, [the priest] of Alexander and of the Gods
Soteres, and of the Gods Adelphi, and of the Gods
Evergetae, and of the Gods Philopatores, and of
the Gods Epiphanes, and of the God (3) Philo-
metor, and of the God Eupator, and of the Gods
Evergetae : the Prize bearer of Berenice Ever-
getis, the Basket bearer of Arsinoe Philadelphus
and the priestess of Arsinoe (4) Eupator at pre-
sent in Alexandria : and, in the Thebaic Ptolemais,
in the priesthood of the existing priests and
priestesses of Ptolemy Soter, [and of . . .] (5) in
Ptolemais ; on the 29th of the month Tybi [v ;
February]: ApoUonius being President of the
Exchange of the Memnonians, and of the lower
government of the Pathyritic nome.
(6) There was sold by Pamonthes, aged about
45, of middle size, dark complexion, and hand-
some figure^ bald, round faced, and straight nosed ;
and by Snachomneus, aged about 20, of middle
size, sallow complexion, (7) likewise round faced
F
66 PAPYRUS OF ANASTASY.
and straight nosed ; and by Semmuthis Persine'i,
aged about 22, of middle size, sallow complexion,
round faced, flat nosed, and of quiet demeanour ;
and by Tathlyt (8) Persinei, aged about 30, of
middle size, sallow complexion, round face, and
straight nose, with their principal Pamonthes, a
party in the sale ; the four (9) being of the child-
ren of Petepsais of the leather cutters of the
Memnonia ; out of the piece of level ground which
belongs to them in the southern part of the Mem-
nonia, (10) eight thousand cubits of open field, one
fourth [of the whole ?] bounded on the south by
the Royal Street ; on the north and east by the
land of Pamonthes and Boconsiemis, who is his
brother, (11) and the common land [or wail] of the
city ; on the west by the house of Tages the son
of Chalome : a canal running through l^e middle,
leading from the river : these are the neighbours
on all sides* It was bought by Nechutes the less,
(12) the son of Asos, aged about 40, of middle
size, sallow complexion, cheerful counteniaaice,
long face, and straight nose, with a scar upon the
middle of his forehead ; for 601 pieces of t^rass :
the sellers standing as ri3) brokers, and as se-
curities for the validity of the sale. It was accepted
by Nechutes the purchaser.
Apollonius Pr. Exch?
PAPYRUS OF ANASTASY. 67
[Registry.]
In the year XII, otherwise IX ; the 20th of
Pharmuthi [viii ; May], [transacted] at the table
in Hermopolis, at which Dionysius presides, over
the 20th department ; in the account of the part-
ners receiving the duties on sales, of which He-
raclides is the subscribing clerk, the acceptor in
in the sale is Nechutes the less, the son of Asos ;
an open field of eight thousand cubits, one fourth
portion ; in the southern part of the Memnonia :
which he bought of Pamonthes and Snachomneus,
the sons of Petepsais,with their sisters : 601 pieces ?
The end . . .
Dionysius subscribes.
The beginning of this preamble may be illus-
trated by that of the inscription of Rosetta,
which runs nearly thu-s :
In the reign of the young king . . Ptolemy Epi-
phanes the munificent . . the son of Ptolemy and
Arsinoe, the gods Philopatores . . in the year IX ;
the priest of Alexander and of the gods Soteres, and
of the gods Adelphi, and of the gods Evergetae, and
of the gods Philopatores, and of thegodEpiphanes
the munificent being Actus, the son of Aetus : the
prize bearer of Berenice Evergetis being Pyrrha
the daughter of Philinus : the basket bearer of
Arsinoe Philadelphus being Areia daughter of
Diogenes ; and the priestess of Arsinoe Philo-
68 PAPYRUS OF ANASTASY.
pator, Irene the daughter of Ptolemy : on the
4th day of Xanthicus, or the 18th of Meehir : it
was decreed . . .
In comparing the preamble of the deed of sale
with this monument, we have first to observe the
successive addition of the names of Philometor,
Eupator, and the Evergetae, to the titles of the
priests of Alexander and his successors. Eupator,
it seems, according to other authorities, cited by
Bockh, was Ptolemy Evergetes II, the successor
of Philometor, called also Cacergetes and Phy-
scon ; and the Evergetae, named after him, can
only have been the reigning sovereigns, before
called Philometores Soteres: and Cleopatra, at
least, had some right to the name Evergetis, as hav-
ing derived it from her husband, so that she may
easily be supposed to have shared it occasionally
with her son. The remaining part of the pream-
ble varies but little, except that Arsinoe, instead
of Philopator, is called Eupator : but this diver-
sity is not more material than the substitution of
Adelphi for Philadelphi, which frequently occurs.
The double date is well known to have been
adopted by Cleopatra and Alexander, and its ori-
gin is sufficiently explained by Eusebius and
Porphyry. Professor Bockh makes the year, 104
B.C.; but from a comparison of different authori-
ties it seems rather more probable that it was 106
B. C, at least so I have been obliged to arrange
it in a table, formed from a comparison of the chro-
MR. grey's ANTIGRAPH. 69
nologies of Porphyry, ChampoUion Figeac, and
St. Martin, which I have inserted in an Appendix.
TRANSLATION OF MR. GREy's GREEK ANTIGRAPH.
(1) Copy of an Egyptian Writing respecting the
Dead Bodies in Thyn. having been (2) ratif . . .
(3) In the XXXVIth year; Athyr [in] 20, after
the usual preamble, this writing witnesses ; that
the I Dresser ? (4) among the servants of the great
goddess [Isis?] Onnophris the son of Horns and
of Senpoeris ,[aged about] forty, lively, tall, of a
sallow complexion, hollow eyed, (5) and bald, has
ceded voluntarily for the price of . . to Horus the
son of Horus and of Senpoeris, (6) one moiety of
the third part of the Collection for the dead (7)
lying in Thynabuhun, on the Libyan side of the
Theban suburb, (8) in the Memnonia : likewise
one moiety of the third part of the Services or
Liturgies (9) and so .forth : their names being |
Muthes, the son of Spotus, with (10) his children
(10) and all his household ; Chapocrates the son
of Nechthmonthes, with his children and all;
Arsiesis the son of Nechthmonthes ; likewise
Petemestus the son of (11) Nechthmonthes; like-
wise Arsiesis the son of Zminis; likewise (12)
Osoroeris the son of [Horus] ; likewise Spotus the
70 MR. grey's antigraph.
son of Chapochonsis ; likewis^e (13) Zoglyphus :
from which there belongs to Asos the son of Horus
and of Senpoeris (14) ** thy" younger brother, one
of [or, the younger brother of] the same i Dressers ?
a moiety of the (15) aforesaid third part of the
services and fruits and (16) so forth. He has sold it
to him in the year XXXVI ; 20 Athyr,inthe reign of
the everlasting (17) king, for the completion of the
third part. Also a moiety of the fruits (18) ^ and
so forth ? of the i other ? dead bodies in Thy. that is
to say, Pateutemis with his children and (19) all ;
and a moiety of the fruits belonging to me from the
property of (20) Petechonsis the milk bearer, and
from a place on the Asiatic side, called (21)Phre-
cages, with the dead bodies in it ; of which a
moiety belongs to the (22) same Asos : all these
things I have sold to him. They are thine, (23)
and I have received their price from thee, and I
make no demand upon thee (24) for them froin
this day : and if aany person disturb thee (25) in
the possession of them, I will withstand the at-
tempt, and if I do not [otlierwise] repel it (26) I
will use compulsory means. Written by Horus
the son of Phabis, the writer of the (27) [priests]
of Amonrasonther, and the other gods of the tem-
ple. (28) Witnesses : Erieus the son of Phanres.
Peteartres the soil of Pateutemis. (29) Petew-
pocrates the son of [Horus]. Snachomneus the son
of Peteuris. Snachomes (30) the son of Psenchonsis.
Totoes the son of Phibis. Portis the soft of
MR. geey's antigraph. 71
Apollonius. Zminis (31) the son of Petemestus.
Peteutemis the son of Arsiesis. Amonorytius (32)
the son of Pacemis. Horus the son of Chimnaraus.
Armenis the son of Zthenaetis (33). Maesis the
son of Mirsis. Antimachus the son of Antigenes.
Petophois the son of Phibis. (34) Panas the son
of Petosiris. Witnesses 16.
Copy of the Registry, In the year XXXVI; the
ninth of Choeak [iv]. Transacted at the table in
Diospolis, at which Lysimachus is the President
of the 20th department ; in the account of Ascle-
piades and Zminis, farmers of the tax, in which
the subscribing clerk is Ptolemaeus : the pur-
chaser Horus the son of Horus the i Dresser ?
a part of the sum, collected by them, on
account of the dead bodies lying in Thynabunun,
in the Memnonian tombs of the Libyan suburb
of Thebes, for the services which are performed.
Bought of Onnophris the son of Horus, Pieces of
brass 400 . Z . . The end.
Lysimach. subscribes.
*■■! - — • -^.^.aiai.^
72 PARISIAN ORIGINAL.
TRANSLATION OF THE ENCHORIAL PAPYRUS OF
PARIS, CONTAINING THE ORIGINAL DEED RE-
LATING TO THE MUMMIES.
(1) This writing, dated in the year XXXVI;
Athyr 20, in the reign of our Sovereigns Ptolemy
and Cleopatra his sister, the children of Ptolemy
and Cleopatra, the divine, (2) the Gods Illus-
trious : and the Priest of Alexander, and of the
Saviour Gods, of the Brother Gods, of the [Bene-
ficent Gods], of the Father loving Gods, of the
Illustrious Gods, of the Paternal God, and (3) of
the Mother loving Gods being [as by law ap-
pointed] : and the Prize bearer of Berenice the
Beneficent, and the Basket bearer of Arsinoe the
Brother loving, and the Priestess of (4) Arsinoe
the Father loving, being as appointed in the me-
tropolis [of Alexandria] ; and in [Ptolemais] the
Royal City i of the Thebaid ? the Guardian
Priest^ for the year? of Ptolemy Soter, and
the Priest of King Ptolemy the Father loving,
(6) and the Priest of Ptolemy the Brother
loving, and the Priest of Ptolemy the Bene-
ficent, and the Priest of Ptolemy the Mother
loving; and the Priestess of Queen Cleopatra,
and the Priestess (6) of the Princess Cleopa-
tra, and the Priestess of Cleopatra the [Queen]
Mother, deceased, the Illustrious ; and the Basket
bearer of Arsinoe the Brother loving, [being as
PARISIAN ORIGINAL. 73
appointed]: declares: The^Dresser? in the temple
(7) of the Gk)ddess, Onnophris the son of Horns,
and of Senpoerisi daughter of Spotus? ['' aged
about forty, lively"], tall, [" of a sallow com-
plexion, hollow eyed, and bald"] : in the temple
of the goddess (8) to [Horus] i his brother ? the
son of Horus and of Senpoeris, has sold, for a price
in money, half of one third of the Collections for
the dead, '' Priests of Osiris ?" lying (9) in Thy-
nabunun ... in the Libyan suburb of Thebes, in
the Memnonia . . . likewise half of one third of
the Liturgies : their names being, Muthes the son
of Spotus, with his children and his household;
Chapocrates (10) the son of Nechthmonthes, with
his children and his household ; Arsiesis the son
pf Nechthmonthes, with his children and his
household ; Petemestus the son of Nechthmonthes,
Arsiesis the son of Zminis, with his children and
his household; Osoroeris (11) the son of Horus,
with his children and his household ; Spotus the
son of Chapochonsis i sumamed ? Zoglyphus [the
Sculptor,] with his children and his household :
while there belonged also to Asos the son of Ho-
inisand of Senpoeris i daughter of Spotus? (12)
in the same manner one half of a third of the col-
lections for the dead, and of the fruits and so
forth . . : he sold it on the 20th of Athyr, in the
reign of the king everliving, to [complete] the third
part : likewise the half ^ of one third ? of the col-
lections relating to (13) Peteutemis, with his
-' "^'"^Z
r
74 PARISIAN ORIGINAL.
household and . . : likewise the half i of one
third? of the collections gad fruits for Pe-
techonsis the bearer of milk, and of the . . place
on the Asian iside called Phrecages (14), and . .
and the dead bodies in it : there having belonged
to Asos the son of Horus one half of the same :
he has sold to him in the month of . . the half of
one third of the collections (16) for Ihe Priests ^
of Osiris ? lying in Thynabunun, with their chil-
dren and their households : likewise the half <rf
one third of the collections for Peteutemis, asid
also for (16) Petechonsis the bearer of milk,
in the place Phrecages on the Asian side : I have
received for them their price in silver : . . and
gold : . . and I make no further demand on thee
for them from the present day, . . (17) . . be-
fore the authorities . . [and if any one shall dis-
turb thee in the possession of them, I will resist
him, and if I do not succeed, I will indemnify
thee?] . . (18) Executed and confirmed : Written
by Horus the son of Phabis, clerk to the chief
priests of Amohrasonther and of the i contem|ilar?
Gods^ of the j^eneficent <jrQds, of the Father
loving Gods, of the Paternal God, aad of the (19)
Mother loving Gods. Amen. (20) Names <rf
the witnesses present. . .
[Column at thetdge of the paper.] (1) Names
of the authorities. (2) Erieus the son of Phanres
I Erieus ? (3) Peteartres the son of Peteutemis. (4)
Petearpocrates the son of Horus. (5y£!itachomneus
PARISIAN ORIGINAL. 76
the son of Peteuris. (6) Snachomes the son of
Psenchonsis. (7) Totoed the son of Phibis. (8)
Portis the son of Apollonius. (9) Zmmis the
son of Petemestos. (10) Peteutemis the son of
Arsiesis. (11) Amonorytius the son of Pacemis.
(12) Horus the son of Chimnaraus. (13) Armenis
[rather Arbais,] the son of Zthenaetis. (14) Maesis
the son of Mirsis. (15) Aj^timachus the son of
Antigenes. (16) Petophois the son of Phibis, (17)
Panas the son of Petosiris. (18) Were present
[as witnesses.]
The additions to the Sovereigns, named in the
preamble of the stone of Rosetta, are here the Pa-
t^nal God and the .Mother loving Gods, or Eu-
pator and the Philometores, and we want only the
Evergetae of the papyrus of AnastQ^y • We can,
therefore, only refer the date to one of the two
preceding reigns, of Philometor or Evergetes Eu-
pator, which it is very difficult to distinguish
from each other with precision. We have, how-
ever, no evidence that Philometor's dates ex-
tended beyond 36, and we must naturally con-
sider this 36 as belonging to Eupator, coxres-
ponding to 135 B. C. which was 11 years after
the death of Philometor. If we judged from this
manuscript alone, we should infer that Eupator
was canonized, by some accident, during his tem-
porary reign, before his brother, and that the or-
der of the names remained undisturbed through
the different changes of their governments. The
««i
76 PARISIAN ORIGINAL.
epithet " Illustrious" in this preamble is not
easily recognised ; but it is distinguished by the
termination from " Beneficent," for which I
had in the first instance mistaken it : an epithet
so placed is almost always referred to the person
last mentioned. The enchorial name of the divi-
nity here called Amonrasonther considerably re-
sembles that of the " Cerexochus" of the Article
Egypt. The epithet, which I have conjecturally
translated " Dresser", was at first supposed to
mean Brazier, and was read Chalchytes : but the
Parisian Registry has distinctly Cholchytes :
which may possibly be a derivative of dcholh
or JOLH, to. dress, to put on,, and may have been
applied to some of the Hierostolists, or Tire
men, of the temple.
TRANSLATION OF MR. GREY's ENCHORIAL PAPYRUS.
REGISTRY IN GREEK (A).
In the year XXVIII; the 28 Mesore [xii].
Transacted at the table in Hermopolis, at
which Dio.[nysius] is President of the 20th
department, in the Account of Asclepiades
[contractor for the tax] on sales; of which
Ptolemaeus is the subscribing clerk : the pur-
chaser being Teephbis the son of Amenothes i
for 300 pieces of brass ? i of 7000 ? cubits, at the
southern end of the whole open field, which is at
the south of Diospolis the Great ; of which the
MR. grey's enchorial AGREEMENTS. 77
boundaries are given in the annexed agreement :
which he bought of Alecis and Lubais andTbaeais
the sons of Erieus, and of Senerieus the daughter
of Petenephotes, and Erieus the son of Amenothes,
and Senosorphibis the daughter of Amenothes,
and of Spois also i the son ? of Erieus the son of
Amenothes. In the XXVIIIth year, Pachon [ix]
20. I Pieces ? . . End of the record.
Dionysius ha^ subscribed.
ENCHORIAL AGREEMENT (A).
Year XXVIII ; Month ... In the reign of
Ptolemy and Cleopatra his sister, the children of
Ptolemy and Cleopatra, the Illustrious Gods:
and the Priest of Alexander, of the Saviour Gods,
of the I Maternal ? [Brother] Gods, of the Benefi-
cent Gods, of the Father loving Gods, of the Il-
lustrious Gods, of the Mother loving Gods : and
the Prize bearer of Berenice the Beneficent, and
the Basket bearer of Arsinoe the Brother loving,
and the Priest of Arsinoe the Father loving, being
as appointed in the metropolis [of Alexandria ; and
in Ptolemais], the Royal City i of the Thebaid ?
the Guardian Priest i for the year ? of Ptolemy
Soter, and the Priest of Ptolemy the Mother lov-
ing, and the Priest of Ptolemy the Brother loving,
and the Priest of Ptolemy the Beneficent, and the
Priest of Ptolemy the Father loving, and the Priest
of Ptolemy the Illustrious and Munificent, and the
78 MR. grey's ekchorial agreements.
Priest of Queen Cleopatra, and the Priest of Cleo*
patra the Mother, the late Goddess Illustrious ;
and the Basket bearer of Arsinoe the Brother
loving, being [all as by law appointed] : The bro-
diers, Alecis the son of Erieus, Lubais the son of
Erieus, and Tbaeais the son of Erieus, their mother
being Senerieus the daughter of Petenephotes son
of Lubais ; Erieus the son of Amenothes, and Seno-
sorphibis daughter of Amenothes, whose mother
was Senamunis, and Spois the son of Erieus, the
son of Amenothes, his mother being ^Senchonsis?
coming into the temple of i Thebes ? agreed with
Teephbis son of Amenothes, to sell for a sum of
money • . a . .. « . . a . . « . . of the city . . in
the year and month and day [above mentioned] of
the King overliving . . « . . i Alecis Phaine ? .
« . . (16) tf . . Asos the son of Horus and of Sen-
poeris . . the Royal Street (Hinrzpifiti) . . i vine-
yard? ..«..«.. (19) . . (20) . . place . . (21)
given up . . month . ; time . . (22) . . (23) . .
(24) . . Ekecuted and confirmed. Written by
Erieus the son of Phanres, clerk to the chief
Priests of Amonrasonther and the contemplar
Gods . . Amen.
It is suflSciently obvious that this deed must be-
' long to the same period as the sale of the collections
for the mummies, and that it must consequently
have been at least eight years earlier. The " God
Eupator" is here omitted, perhaps accidentally, or
MR. grey's enchorial AGREEMENTS. 79
perhaps because he had not been canonized at the
time. The date 28 is equally applicable to
the reigns of Philometor and of Eupator : and se-
veral names occur in this deed which are also
found in the preceding : for example, Erieus the
son of Phanres, who is the first witness in that
deed, is the clerk that drew up the present. Asos
the son of Horus and Senpoeris, who is one of the
" Dressers" of the temple, appears here as the pos-
sessor, probably of a neighbouring piece of land,
and in the next deed as a purchaser. The ques-
tion remains whether we should assign to this
deed a date 19 years earlier than the former, or
only 8, that is, whether 154 B. C. or 143 ; and
there appears to be no evidence at present exist-
ing that is sufficient to decide it : except that the
omission of the name of Eupator was less likely to
happen in his own reign than in his predecessor's.
The priesthoods of Ptolemais are somewhat negli-
gently arranged at the end of this preamble, but
they present no essential discordances. The
Registry affords us a remarkable instance of a
double contraction for the word nOAIS or city, it
is first represented by a semicircle with a central
point, O , and then by a figure of 2, in the names of
Hermopolis, and Diospolis, or Thebes. The con-
traction for Hermopolis, in the papyrus of Anastasy,
would not easily have been explained without the
aid of these manuscripts. The Dionysius of the
reign of Ptolemy Alexander, being near fifty years
iM
pw^ — ■■"- - - ' — r— ' -— — "^"f' ^«"
80 MR. grey's enchorial agreements.
later, may perhaps have been a son of this Diony-
sius, and may have succeeded him in his office.
TRANSLATION OF THE SECOND DEED (B).
REGISTRY, IN GREEK.
In the year XXIX ; Phamenoth [vii] 9. Trans-
acted at the table in Hermopolis, at which Dio-
nysius is president of the 20th department ; in the
account of Asclepiades and Crates [contractors for
the duties] on sales, of which Ptolemaeus is the
subscribing clerk : Asus, the son of Horns, pur-
chaser of an open field of 1 2000 ? [square cubits],
lying in the southern part of Diospolis the Great ;
of which the boundaries are given in the present
agreement : which he bought of Alecis the son of
Erieus, and Lubais and Tbaeais the sons of Erieus,
and Senerieus the daughter of Petenephotes, and
Erieus the son of Amenothes, and Senosorphibis
the daughter of Amenothes, and Spois [or Spoetus]
also the son of Erieus the son of Amenothes . .
I Pieces . . 1004 ? The end . . .
Diony[sius] has subscribed.
ENCHORIAL AGREEMENT (B).
Year XXIX. In the reign of Ptolemy and Cleo-
patra, the children of Ptolemy and Cleopatra the
Gods Illustrious and Munificent : living for ever.
MR. ORET's enchorial AGREEMENTS. 81
The brothers, Alecis the son of Erieus, Lubais the
son of Erieus, and Tbaeais the son of Erieus, their
mother being Senerieus the daughter of Petene-
photes, son of Lubais ; Erieus the son of Amenothes,
and Senosorphibis daughter of Amenothes, her
mother being Senamunis, and i Spois ? the son of
Erieus, the son of Amenothes, his mother being
I Senchonsis ? coming into the temple of i Thebes ?
agreed with Asus the son of Horus to sell for a sum
of money ..«..«..«..«.. of the city . . in theyear
and month aiid day [above mentioned] of the king
everliving . . « . , i Phaine ?..«;. the Royal
Street ; i the sister of Alecis, Phaine ?..»..«. .
place . . has rele^ed . . months . . time , . Executed
and confirmed. Writt^ by Erieus the son of
Phanres, clerk to the chief priests of Amonrason-
ther and the contemplar Gods . . . Amen.
The preamble is here abridged, which was per-
haps the safer, as the deed stands by the side of
the preceding on the same papyrus. The phrase
^^ff" is the same in both deeds, and probably
means *' a piece of open field bounded, by," or
something of a similar nature : for forms of this
kind appear to be repeated without limit in the
o|d Egyptian language.
G
82 MR. GRET'fll ENCHORIAL AGREEMENTS.
translation of the third deed (c).
Registry in Greek,
In the year XXXV; Phannuthi [viii] 20.
TjTft&sacted at the table in Diospotis the Great, at
which I4y^^l[achus] [i» president] ; in the account
of Sarapion and his partners [contractors for the
duties] on ^ales, in which the subs^cribing clerks
are. JlerinQphilus and Sarapion : the purchaser
being Pechy tes the son of Arsieids ; of the fourth
part of an open field of i 3000 square cubits? in
the iouthem part of Diospolis the Great ; on the
western side of the canal of Her[culea], leading to
the riy^* ; of which the boundaries are given in
the present agreement ; which he bought of Am*
monius the son of Pyrrhius, and Psenamunis the
son of Pyrrhius. i Pieces 3000 ? The end. Of
which . .
Lysimach. has subscribed^
MR. grey's enchorial AGREEMENTS. 83
ENCHORIAL AGREEMENT (C).
I XXXV ? Month . . In the reign of Ptolemy and
Cleopatra his sifter, the children of Ptolemy and
Cleopatra the ,Gods Illustrious; and the Priest of
Alexaud^r and of the Saviour Gods, of the Bro-
ther Gods, of thei Beneficent Gods, of the Father
lovmg Go)ds, ; of the . Illustrious Gods, of the
I iK^tile ? Pafaemal God, and of the Mother loving
Gods : ajid tihe Prize bearer of Berenice the Bene-
ficent, and the [Gold and Silver] Basket bearer of
Arsinoe the Brother loving, and the Priest of
Arsinoe the Father loving, being [as appointed in
the metropolis] : the bargain was made by the
men of the family of Alecis : Ammonius the son of
Pyrrhius, and Psenamunis the son of Pyrrhius,
coming into the temple • . agreed with Pechytes
the son .of Arsiesis and i Oenone ? to sell for a sum
of money . . . . (14) Royal Street . .
month . . time . . . Executed and
confirmed . Written by ,. . clerk to the chief priests
of Amonrasonther and the contemplar Gods, the
Gods I Beneficent ?' the Father loving Gods and
the* Gods Ilktstrious, the i hostile ? Paternal God,
and ihe- Mother loving Gods. Amen.
The naiue of Eupator appears here to contain,
in two differettt places, ^be characters which in the
84 MR. SALTS ENCHORIAL DEED.
Rosetta inscription denote hostile or turbulent;
and this circumstance would incline lis to prefer
the date of the last year of the reign of Philome-
tor : but it is possible that the same epithets may
have been intended to mean warlike^ in a favour-
able sense.
There remains a fourth enchorial manuscript,
of some importance^ at present in the British
Museum, but still belonging to Mr. Salt, without
whose permission it would be improper to make
public its whole contents, even if they were per-
tectlj intelligible. But, in fact, the preamble of
this manuscript has been lost, and the registry is
nearly illegible, except that the date is clearly
XLVII, and the signature of the Presddent at the
table of Hermopolis appiears to be Dionysius.
The names of Horiis and Erieus and Arsiesis
are also distinguishable in the body of the deed,
and the word " two thousand" is written at
length, at the end of the registry. Now the
year 47 can only belong to the reign of Philadel-
phus, or to that of Eupator, and the style of the
registry too much resembles that of all the other
deeds^ including Anastasy's, to allow us to assign
it to the former reign : it must, therefore, belong,
not to 277, but to 124 B. C. This date will not
indeed giv^ us any certain evidence respecting
that of Mr. Grey'^ deeds ; though it might rather
incline us to take the later than the earlier, of two
periods, equally probable in other respects. On
, DATES OF DEEDS. 85
the whole, we can only leave the alternative open
for future decision between the dates, as thus
contrasted :
Mr* Grey's enchorial
deed (A), XXVIII 154 or 143 B.C.
(B),XXIX 153 142
(C), XXXV 147 . 136
Mr. Grey's Greek An-
tigraph, or rather
the enchorial deed
of Paris XXXVI 146 135
Mr. Salt's enchorial
deed XLVII 124
Anastasy s Greek con-
veyance XII-IX 106.
Tbe registry of Mr. Grey's first deed is there-
«
fore at least 37, and, on the whole, most probably
48 years more ancient, than any other writing with
a pen and ink that exists ; and it still remains in
the most perfect preservation. Mr. Jomard has
compared the manuscript of Anastasy, for its im-
portance, to the pillar of Rosetta : but it can in no
xespect whatever be put in competition with the
Antigraph of Mr. Grey.
CO
pes
M
o
o
CO
o
o
GO
CHAPTER VL
JCXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS AND HERODOTUS; RE-
LATING TO MUMMIES.
IT is lather as being illustrated by the discovery
of Mr. Grey's Greek papyrus, than as contributing
much to its illustration, that I shall here introduce
such passages of Diodorus Siculus and of Hero-
dotus, as tend to explain the customs of the Egyp-
tians respecting the honours shown to the dead
bodies of their relations.
*' The inhabitants of this country," says Diodo-
rus, Book I. § 61, Wess., in the language of Booth,
p. 26, " little value the short time of this present
life ; but put a high esteem upon the name and
reputation of a virtuous life after death; and they
call the houses of the living, Inns^ because they
stay in them but a little while ; but the sepul-
chres of the dead they call Everlasting habitations,
because they abide in the graves to infinite gener-
ations. Therefore they are not very curious in
the building of their houses ; but in beautifying
their sepulchres they leave nothing undone that
[the excess of magnificence can suggest],"
88 EXTRACTS FROBI DIODORUS.
§. 72. W. *^ What the Egyptians performed,
after the deaths of every one of their kings, clearly
evidences the great love they bore to them. For
honour done to him that cannot possibly know it,
in a grateful return of a former benefit, carries
along with it a testimony of sincerity, without
the least colour of dissimulation." Booth, p. 37.
§ 73. W, The whole of Egypt being divided into
a number of parts, called Nomes by the Greeks,
each of these is governed by a Nomarcha, to whom
the care of all its public concerns is entrusted.
The land being every where divided into H^cee
portions, the first is occupied by the priesthood,
who are held in the greatest respect by the inha-
bitants, as being devoted to the worship of the
gods, and as possessing the greatest power of un-
derstanding, from the superiority of their educa-
tion: and fi*om the revenues of these lands they
perform all sacrifices throughout Egypt, and sup-
port the servants of the temples as well as their
own families : for they hold that the administra-
tion of the honours of the gods ought. not to be
fluctuating, but to be conducted always by the
same persons, und in the same manner : and that
those, who are above all their fellow citizens in
wisdom and knowledge, ought not to be below
any of them in the comforts and conveniences of
lifig: aad the priests are in the habit of associat-
ing very generally with the kings, partly as coun-
sellors, partly as assistants, and partly as ex-
EXTRACTS FROM DtODORUS. 99
pounders and instructors : foretelling future etents
by means of astronomy and of augury, and read-
ing the most useful lessons from the pai^t, out of
the records of their sacred volumes : for it is not
the custom, as in Greece, for one man, or one
woman, to be appointed to each priesthood^ but
there are many who are employed together in the
sacrifices and in other ceremonies; and these
transmit the same professional occupation to their
descendants* The whole of* the families of the
priests are exempt from taxes, and they come im-
mediately after the king in rank and authority.
The second portion of the land is retained in the
power of the king for his own revenue, out of
which he has to provide for all military exp^ises,
and for the support of his own splendour and dig^
nity, as well as for the liberal remuneration of
those who have distmguished themselves by their
virtues and their valour: so that being amply
supplied from this territory, they are not obliged
to burden their subjects with oppressive taxes.
The last of the three portions is assigned to the
military population, who are subject to the du-
ties attending on a state of warfare : in order that
those, who are exposed to danger in Battle, may
be the more ready to undergo the hazards of the
field, from the interest that they feel in the coun-
try as occupiers of the soil : for it would be
thought absurd to commit the common safety to
the care of those, who possessed nothing in the
-N
90 EXTRACTS FROM DIODOBUS.
country that was worthy of preservation : and
this system had the still greater advantage of act-
ing as an encouragement to population, in order
that the country might not be in want of foreign
auxiliaries : and their descendants, in like manner,
receiving the constitution thus transmitted to them
from their forefathers, are excited by the emula-
tion of the valiant deeds of their ancestors, and
become invincible by the courage and experience
which they acquire.
§ 74. There are idso three other classes that
enter into the political system of Egypt ; those of
the Shepherds, the Husbandmen, and the Arti-*
sans. The husbandmen, occupying, at a low
rent, the arable land belongiiig. to . the king^ .and
the priests, and the military, employ their whole
time in cultivating it : and being educated from
their infancy in agricultural pursuits, they are
superior, from their experience, to the husband-
men of other countries : for they are perfectly well
acquainted, partly from the knowledge derived
from their ancestors, and partly from their own
observation, with the nature of the soil, and its
irrigation, and with the timesand i^easons for sow^
ing and reaping, and for coUectiog ajl kinds of
fruits. The same advantages are possessed by
the shepherds, who receive the charge of the
flocks from their forefathers as by inheritance,
and pass their whole lives in the cdix^ of their
cattle : and having derived much information from
EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS« 91
their ancestors, respecting the best modes of treat-
ment and fattening of the different animals, thefy
«
also add not a little from their own zeal and in-
dustry in their occupations : and, what is most
remarkable, from their excessive refinement in
these pursuits, the poulterers and geese feeders,
besides the natural modes of breeding birds, which
are common in other countries, have procured an
infinite multitude of poultry by their own inge-
nuity : for they do not hatch their eggs by the
incubation of the hens, but, by means of an artifi-
cial operation, derived from their own talents and
invention, they are enabled to rival, if not to'ex-
ceed, the activity of nature : and the arts in general
are carried to a very elaborate degree of perfection
by the Egyptians ; for in this country no artist is
allowed to meddle either with political affairs, or
with any other employment, besides that which
he has received from his parents, and to which he
is confined by the law : so that neither the jeal-
ousy of a master, nor any public business, call
ever divert him firoih the exclusive study of his
profession : for in other countries we often observe
that an artist is diverted by a variety of pursuits,
and is too avaricious to confine himself to his own
work ; some employing themselves in husbandry,
some in commerce, and some in two or three dif-
ferent arts at oiice; and in democratical coun-
tries, many are constantly frequenting popular
ajssemblies, and doing mischief to the government.
92 EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS.
while they are receiving bribes from the leaders
of parties : but among the Egyptians/ if any arti-
san should meddle with politics, or should em-
ploy himself in any other concerns besides that in
which he has been educated, a severe punishment
would be inflicted on him. Such then were the
institutions of the ancient Egyptians with regard
to their public and private occupations.
§ 75. For the regulation of judicial proceed-
ings, they also took no common pains : since they
held that the sentences, pronounced by the legal
tribunals, had the greatest possible influence, whe-
ther beneficial or injurious, on the concerns of
common life : and they saw that the punishment of
offenders, and the relief of oppressed persons,
were the most effectual remedies for the evils of a
state : and that if the terror, that arises from the
condenmation of the guilty, were to be super-
seded by money or by favour, there would be
nothing but confusion in all i*anks of society : and
they attained the end they desired, by the selec-
tion of the best men out of the most considerable
cities as Common Judges : taking ten from Helio-
polls, and the same number from Thebes and froim
Memphis : and the Bench, thus assembled, didnot
appear to be inferior either to the Areopagites at
Athens, or to the Elders among the Lacedaemoni-
ns. When these thirty had met, they proceeded to
elect the most distinguished of their number as their
President, with the title of Arch judge ; and his
i
EXTRACTS. FROM; DIQHORUS. 93
place among themselves was supplied by another
person, sent by the same city. The judges all re-
ceived allowances from the king, sufficient for
their support, and the arch judge received a
manifold portion . He was distinguished by wear-
ing round his neck a golden chain, suspending a
figure adorned with precious stones, which was
called Alethla, or Truth: and the trial began
when the arch judge put on this image of Truth.
Now the whole of the laws of the country being
written in eight books, and these books being
placed near the judges, it was the custom for the
accuser to write down in detail the offense to be
proved, and the manner in which the action was
committed, and the estimated amount of the
damage or the injury : the accused party then,
taking the depositions of his opponents, wrote
his answer to each of them, either denying the
facts, or maintaining that they were not illegal ;
or, if they were illegal, that the damages were
appreciated too highly : the accuser replied again
in writing, and the accused party rejoined : and
both having given in their writings to the judges,
the thirty proceeded to declare their opinions
among themselves; and lastly, the arch judge
touched one of the contending parties, who was to
be successful, with the figure of Truth which he
wore . . And this was done, in order to supersede
the influence of artificial eloquence, and the fasci-
nation of personal appearance, which too often
pervert the distribution of justice..
94 EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS.
§ 80. The Priests of the Egyptians are allowed
to marry but one wife : other persons marry as
many as they please : but they are obliged to
rear all their children, since a numerous popula-
tion is esteemed highly conducive to the happiness
of every country and state: and none of their
children are accounted illegitimate, even if the
mother has been purchased as a slave: for the
children are supposed to belong more particu?
larly to the father, the mother being considered
as little more than a nurse. They feed their
children very lightly, and at an incredibly small
expense : giving them a little meal of the coarsest
and cheapest kind, the pith of the papyrus, baked
under the ashes, with the roots and stalks of some
marsh weeds, either raw, or boiled, or roasted :
and since most of them are brought up, on account
of the mildness of the climate, without shoes, and
indeed without any other clothing ; the whole of
the expense, incurred by the parents, till they
come to years of maturity, does not exceed about
20 drachmas, or 13 shillings, each. This ifrugality
is the true reason of the great populousness of
Egypt, and of the magnificence of the public
works, with which the country is adorned.
§ 81. The children of the priests, however,
are instructed in two descriptions of literature ;
the sacred and the more general : and they apply
themselves with diligence to geometry and arith-
metic : for the river, changing the appearance of
the country very materially every year, is the
£XTftACTiS FROM DIODORUS. 95
cajuse of many and various discussions among the
neighbouring proprietors : and these it would be
difficult for any person to decide^ without geo-
metrical reasoning, founded upon actual observa^
tion : and for arithmetic they have frequent occa-
sion both in their domestic econcHny, and in the
application of geometrical theorems, besides its
utility in the cultivation of astronomical studies :
for the orders and motions of the stars are ob*
served at least as industriously by the Egyptians
as by any other people whatever : and they keep
records of the motions of each for an incredible
number of years ; the study of this science having
been, from the remotest times, an object of na-
tional ambition with them : they have also most
punctually observed the motions and periods and
stations of the planets, as well as the powers which
they possess, with respect to the nativities of ani-
mals, and wlmt good or evil influences they exert:
and they frequently foretel what is to happen to
a man throughout his life, and not uncommonly
predict a failure of crops, or an abundance, and
the Qccurrence of epidemic diseases among men
or beasts: they foresee also earthquakes and
floods, and the appearances of comets, and a va-
riety of other things which appear iifiipossible to
the multitude. It is said also that the Chaldaeans
in Babylon are derived from an Egyptian colony,
and. have acquired their reputation for astrology
by means of the information obtained from the
96 EXTRACTS FROM DI0D0RU8.
priests in Egypt : but the generality of the com-
mon people in Egypt learn only, from their parents
or relations, that which is required for the exer-
cise of their peculiar professions, as we have
already seen : a few of them only teach them
something of literature, especially those who cul-
tivate the more refined of the arts : wrestling and
music it is not their custom to practice : for they
conceive that, by exercise in the palaestra, young
men acquire not solid health, but a tempofary
increase of strength, which is by no means free
from danger; and music they esteem not only
useless, but even injurious, as rendering the miiMls
of men effeminate ...
§. 83. W. The customs of the Egyptians with
regard to their sacred animiite are exceedingly
surprising, and worthy to be csxsimiiied ; for they
venerate some . of these animals in an extracypdi-
nary degree, not only while they are living, but
even after their death : for example, cats, and
ichneumons, and dogs; and besides these, the
hawk and the ibis ; furthermore, wolves and cro-
codiles, and other beasts of prey . . Now each
kind of the animals, that are held sacred, has a
piece of ground appropriated to them, affording
a rent sufficient for the care and the food that
Ihey require: the Egyptians are also in the habit
,of making vows to some of their divinities on be-
half of their children; aiid if. they recover .from
.the disease, they shave off their hair, and counter-
EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS. ^7
poising it with silver or with gold, they giv6 the
money to the priests, who have the care of these
animals : the priests expend this money in arti-
cles of food; and cutting up the meat for the
hawks, call out to them with a loud voice, and
throw it to them as they fly near : and for the cats
and the ichneumons they soften the bread in milk,
and lay it before them with the proper calls and
signals ; or give them some of the fishes of the
Nile cut in pieces : and in the same manner they
•furnish to every other kind of animal its a,ppro-
priate food : nor do they attempt to perform these
services with any degree of privacy, or to avoid
the sight of the multitude; but on the contrary
they value themselves, as being the ministers of
the highest honours of the Gods, and travel through
the cities and the country with their appropriate
stsmdards : showing obviously at a distance to
what deities they are attached ; and receiving the
universal respect and homage of those who meet
them : and when any one of these animals dies,
they roll it up in fine linen, and bewail themselves,
and beat their breasts, as they carry it to be em-
balmed : and then they embalm it with resins,
and with substances fit to . perfume and to pre-
serve it, and bury it in the sacred vaults.: and if
any one voluntarily destroys one of these animals,
he suffers death : with the exception of the cat
and the ibis ; ibr if a person kills either of these,
even involuntarily, he infallibly loses his life, a
H
98 EXTRACTS FROM DIOPORUS.
multitude immediately collecting and tearing him
in pieces, often without any form of trial ; so
that, for fear of such a calamity, if aiiy one finds
one of the«ie animals dead, he stands at a distance,
and calls out with a loud voice, lamenting^ and
prot^ting tha^ the animal has be^i found dead.
This superstitious regard to the sacred animals is
so thoroughly rooted in their minds, and every one
of them has his passions so strongly bent upon
their honour, that at the time when Ptolemy had
SiPt yet been called a kiiig by. the Romans, and
the people were using every possible efibrt to
Matter the Italians, whO; were visiting the <jountry
as atrangets, and sti^dious to avoid every thing
that could* excite disputes, . or lead to war, on
account of their dread of the cons^quei^es ; a
Roman having killed a cat, and a crowd being
collected about his residence, neither* the tftag^
trates, who were sent by the king to appea3e;the!r
rage, nor th®: general terror of the. Romannname,
were able to save the offender from Veng^nce,
altiiiough h6 had: done it unintehtioiially': and
this we relate, not from the testimony of otl^rsr,
but from what we ourselves had an opportunity
of seeing, upon bur journey to Egypt.
^. 84. If these things appear to many incre*
dible and almost fabulous, what remains to be told
will be thought still more ^traoiidinary . In the
time of a great famine, in iE^pt, it is related
that many of the inhabitants were compelled by
EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS* 99
hunger todevotit each other, but that nobody was
even accused of having touched the fle^hof s^ny of
the sacred animals. Indeed whenever a dog' has
diedinahouse^ thewholeofthepersoHiSy residing in
it, shave their whole bodies, and go into mourning ;
and what is still more nemarkabl^^ i€ there was
either wine or corn, or any; othet provisions, in
the house, in which the animal: died, they would
not dare to make any use of it whatever : and if
they lose these animals, while they are absent
upon any military expedition; they carry back
their cats and their hawks in som>w to Egypt;
this they will do even if they ate themselves in
want of the means of returaifig with convenience*
The manner in which they tre^t thek Apis in
Memphis, and Mneuis in HQliopolis, smd the
Goat in Mendes, and the Crocodile in the Lpk*
Moeris, and the Lion that is kept at Leontp-
polis, with many other things of tiie sam^ kind,
is easily naitated, but not easily credited, except
by an eye witness : for all these aninials are kept
in sacred inclosures, and attended by many of thf
mo»t respectable persons, who supply them with
the most delicate food; ftuQ flour or prepared
com, boiled in milk, and all? kinds ^f cgkes mixpd
with honey, and geese, either boifcd or -roast^di
are continually provided for th&m ; and-fpr those
which are carnivorous, various bird^ we r caught;
and given to them alive: and their whole esta-
blishments aite arnanged on a ve«y ejijiea^ivQ
iOO EXTRACTS FROM DIODOKUS.
scale, for they are fijmished with warm baths,
and anointed with the finest ointments, and the
choicest perfumes are burned before them : they
have also rich carpets and ornamented furniture,
and <jare is taken to provide them with female
companions of the greatest beauty, who are also
fed in the most luxurious manner : and when they
die, they are lamented like favourite children, and
are buried not according to the means of their
attendants only, but often much more magnifi-
cently : for after the death erf Alexander, when
Ptolemy the son of Lagus had lately become King
of Egypt, the Apis at Memphis happened to die
of old age ; and the person, who had the care of
him, not only spent the whole of the allowances,
which were very considerable, upon the funeral,
but borrowed also fifty talents, or twelve thou-
sand pounds, more of Ptolemy, to defray the
expense: and within our own memory it has
happened, that the guardians of these animals
have spent not less than a hundred talents at their
funeral.
§. 85. Besides these ceremonies, there are many
other customs at the death of the sacred bull
named Apis ; for after he has been splendidly in-
terred, the priests seek for a calf who is marked
as nearly as possible in the same manner: and
having found him, they release the public from
their mourning, and the appointed persons
carry the calf first to Nilopolis, where they feed
EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS. 101
him for forty days; and then embarking him on
board of a yacht with a gilded cabin, they con-
duct him as a god to the sacred grove of V ulcan,
at Memphis. In these forty days only, he isi
allowed to be seen by women, who perform cer-^
tain evolutions before him, which are probably
more amusing to his attendants than to himself ;
and at no other time are women allowed to see
him. The reason of the honours paid to him i^
said to be, that at the death of Osiris, his soul
transmigrated into this animal, and that it is con-
tinually transferred to his successors, when he
dies : others however inform us, that when Osiris
was killed by Typhon, his limbs were collected by
Isis, and thrown into a wooden cow, covered with
cotton cloths, and that the city was thence called
Busiris. fit seems however that this must have
been a ^Grecian fiction, for in Egyptian busiris
must have m^ant the tomb of Osiris, and not the
€(m.'\ For the d^ificatioQ of the other animals, as
well as of their kings, a variety of reasons are as-
signed { ; all as uninteresting as they are absurd ;
except the story of a hawk having brought, to the
priest at Thebes, a book of laws and religious ob-
servances, tied up with purple; and that hence
the Hierogrammates, or sacred scribes, were dis-
tinguished by a purple sash, and by wearing a
hawk's feather on their heads : that the crocodile
is said to be venerated as the watchman of the
Nile, preventing the predatory excursions, which.
lAa^k^^^^Ml
102 EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS.
\rouJd be undertaken, if the thieves could swim
across the river in safety ; and that the diversity
of deities, worshipped in neighbouring parts of
the country, is supposed by some to have origi-
nated in a political contrivance of the government,
to keep the people in subjection, by preventing
their too intimate union].
§.91. The customs of the Egyptians, with
regard to their funerals, are not the least won-
derful of their peculiar institutions. For when
any one dies among them, the whole of his family
and all his friends cover their heads with clay,
and go about the city lamenting, until the body
is buried ; partaking neither of baths, nor of
wine, nor of any abundant food, nor putting on
rich clothing. The funerals are conducted upon
tiiree different scsdes, the most expensive, the
moderate, and the humblest: the first costs a
talent of silver [£250] ; the second twenty minae
[£60]; the third Is extremely cheap. Now the
persons, that undertake this oflfice, are artists^ who
exterdise ^the profession from generation to gene-
ration : and they bring to the friends of the de-
ceased an estimate of the expenses of the funeral,
and ask them in what manner they wish that it
should be performed. When the agreement is
made, the operatioAs are coinmenced by the
proper persons : and first the scribe marks out
how the dissection is to be performed, upon the
Wft side of the body ; the dissector then cuts it
EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS. 103
with a sharp Ethiopian stone, and immediately
betakes himself to flight, and is pursued and
beaten, as if he had committed an inhuman action ;
the embalmers, on the contrary, are held in all
honour and respect, associating with ^the^ priests,
and haying free access to the temples,- as sacred
persons: these- embalmers commence their office
by removing such parts as are most susceptible
of decay, and, washing the rest with palm wine,
and spices, apply various kinds of resins for
more than thirty day s, ^ and then impregnate the
whole with myrrh and cinnamon, and other sub-
stances calculated not only to preserve it, but to
conmiunicate to it an agreeable smell: and fihidly
they return the body to the relations,- so peifedly
preserved in every part, that even the hairs bflhe
eyelids and eyebrows remain undisturbed, and
the whole appearance of the persbh is unchanged,
and the feiatures- are capable of being recognised :
so that the Egyptians, very commonly, keeping
the bodies' of their ancestors in magniiScent apart-
ments, are Able tasee the veiy fhces of those; who
have died severd^ generations, before them : eatih
of whbm b^ng distinguishable, not only by his
height,'and'the outline of his figure, but even by
the chat^cterof his countenance; they^ ^njoy a
wonderful graltifioation, to if they Uvfed ^ in the
society of those whom Aey see before them. [It is
indeed related by Damascenus, Orat. i, that they
placed them on seats at their tables> as if they
104 EXTRACTS FROM DIODORljS*
wished to ^t and drink iii their society : and
Lucian^ in his Essay on Grief^ declares, that he
has been an eye witness of the custom. Wessel:
It is not however probable that suclT a practice
should have been continued in the times of the
Ptolemies : although Lucian, who had an appoint-
ment in Egypt under Marcus Aurelius, may be
considered as pretty good authority, when he
speaks seriously.]
^. 92. But when the body is about to be
finally buried,^ the relations announce the ap-
pointed day to the judges, and to all the friends
of the deceased, declaring that he is about to pass
the lal^e of the Nome : and forty two judges being
collected, and placed in a semicircle, which is
prepared beyond the lakp, a boat is brought up,
which had been provided for the purpose, con-
ducte4 by a bpatmaii who is called, in their
language, Charon, [the Silent] : whence they
say that Orpheus, in former times, having
travelled into Egypt, and seen this custom, in-
vented thj^ fable of Hades, partly from imitating
what he saw, and partly from his ipwn imagina^
tion : but when the boat was brought into the
lake, before the coffin with the dead body was
put on board, it was lawful, for any person who
thougl^t proper, to bring forwards his accusation
against the deceased : and if he showed that the
deceased had led an evil life, the judges declared
accordingly, and the body was deprived of the
EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS. 105
accustomed sepulture : but if the accuser failed
of establishing what he advanced, he was subject
to very, heavy penalties. When there had been
no accuser, or when the accusation had been
repelled as unjust, the relations, laying aside
their mourning, pronounced encomiums on the
deceased : not enlarging lipon his descent, as is'
usual among the Greeks, for they hold that all
the Egyptians are equally noble : but relating his
earliest education and the course of his studies,
and then his piety and justice in manhood, and
his temperance, and the other virtues that he pos-
sessed, they supplicated the infernal deities to
receive him as a companion of the pious: the
multitude in the mean time applauded, and joined
in extolling the glory of the deceased, as being
about to remain to eternity with the virtuous in
the regions of Hades. The body is then placed,
by those who have family catacombs already pre-
pared, in the compartment allotted to it : those
who are not possessed of catacombs construct a
new apartment for the purpose, in their own
houses, and set the coffin upright against the
firmest of the walls. Those who are debarred of
the rites of burial, on account of the accusation
which has been brought forwards against them, or
on account of debts which they have contracted,
are placed in their own houses : and then, if their
children's children happen to be prosperous, they
are frequently released from the impediments of
iMII^^iM^— — ^* I >ii i I mm^-mm^^mm^^^mmmm^^k
106 EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS.
their creditiMrs and their accusers, and at length
obtain the ceremony of a magnificent funeral.
^. 93. Itis most solemnly established in Bgypt,
to pay a more marked respect to their parents
and their ancestors, when they are removed to
their everlasting habitations. It is also usual
among them to deposit the bodies of .their de-
ceased parents, as pledges for the payment of
money that they borrow: and those who do not
redeem these pledges are subject to the heaviest
disgrace, and are deprived of burial after their
death . . .
^. 96. We must now enumerate such of the
Greeks as have visited Egypt in ancient times,
for the acquirement of knowledge and wisdom.
The priests of the Egyptians relate, from the
records preserved in their sacred volumes, that
they were visited by Qrpheus and Musaeus, and^
Melampus and Daedalus; by Homer, the poet,
and Lycurgus, the Spartan: by Solon, thue Athe-
nian, and Plato, the philosopher: and that Py-
thagoras, of Samoj5, also came there, : and the
mathematician Eudoxus : and Democritus of
Abdera, and Oenopides of Chius. All these they
identify by some jdistincLmarks, either portiraits,
or appellations derived from their residences
or their works : and (they produce evidence from
the branches of knowledge^ which > they respec-
tively cultivated, that they had bidy borrowed,
from the Egyptians, all that a^cquired 4hem the
EXTRACTS PROM DIODORUS. 107
admiration of their countrymen. That Orpheus
had learned of them the greatest part of his mys*
tical ceremonies, and the orgies that celebrate
the wanderings [of Ceres], and the mythology of
the shades below : for that the rites of Osiris and
of Bacchus are the same: and those of Isis ex-
tremely resemble those of Ceres, with the change
of name only : and the punishments of the impious
in Tartarus, and the Elysian plains of the virtuous,
and the common imagery of fiction, were all copied
from the ceremonies of the Egyptian iunerals :
that Hermes, the conductor of souls, was^ according
to the old institution of Egypt; to convey the body
of Apis to an appointed place, where it was re-
ceived by a man wearing Ihe mask of Cerberus,
[probably the Cteristes of the temporary nomen-
clature;] and that Orpheus* having related this
among the Greeks, the. fable was adopted by
Homer, who makes the Cyllenian Hermes call
forth the souls of the suitors, holding his staff in
his hand :
Cyllenius now to Pluto's dreary reign
Conveys the dead, a lamentable train !
The golden wand that causes sleep to fly.
Or in soft slumber seals the wakeful eye.
That drives the ghosts to realms of night or day.
Points out the long, uncomfortable way.
Trembling the spectres glide, and plaintive vent
Thin, hollow screams, along the deep descent . .
108 EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS.
And now they reached the Earth's remotest ends.
And now the gates where evening Sol descends.
And Leucas' rock, and Ocean's utmost streams.
And now pervade the dusky land of dreams ;
And rest at last where souls unbodied dwell
In ever flowery meads of Asphodel,
The empty forms of men inhabit there^
Impassive semblance^ images of air !
Pope.
The river he calls Ocean, as they say, because
the Egyptians call the Nile Oceanus in their
own language [ ? ? ] : the gates of the Sun
are derived from Heliopolis: and the meadow
is so called, from the lake which is fiamed
Acherusian^ and which is near Memphis, being
surrounded by beautifril meadows, and canals,
with lotiis and flowering rushes : and that
it is consistent with the imitation to make
the deceased inhabit these places : because the
greater number and the most considerable of
the Egyptian catacombs are there, the bodies
being ferried over the river and the Acherusian
lake, and the mummies being deposited in the
catacombs there situated. And the rest of the
Grecian mythology respecting Hades agrees
also with the present practice i^ Egypt: the
boat which carries over th^ bodies, and is called
BARis; and' the penny that is given for the fore
to the boatman, who is called charon in the
EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS.. 109
language of the country. They say there is
also, in the neighbourhood of the same place,
a temple of the nocturnal Hecate, with the gates
of Gocytus and of Lethe, fastened with brazen
bars ; and that there are, besides, other gates of
Truth ; and near them a figure of Justice without
a head.
§. 97. In the city of Acanthae, on the Libyan
side of the Nile, 120 stadia from Memphis, they
say there is a barrel pierced with holes, to
which 360 of the priests carry water from the
Nile : and that a mystery is acted in an assembly
in that neighbourhood, in which a man is made
to twist one end of a long rope, while other
persons untwist the other end; an allusion to
which has become proverbial in Greece. Melam-
pus, they say, brought from Egypt the mysteries
of Bacchus, and the stories of Saturn, and the
battles of the Titans: and Daedalus imitated
the Egyptian labyrinth, in that Which he built
for king Minos : the Egyptian labyrinth having
been constructed by Mendes, or by Marus,
an ancient king, many years before his time;
and that the style of the ancient statues in
Egypt i^ the same with that of the statues
sculptured in Greece : but that the very fine
Propylon of Vulcan in Memphis was the Work
of Daedalus as an architect : and that being
admired for this work, he had the honour of
obtaining a place, in the same temple, fox a
110 EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS.
wooden statue of himself, which was the workf
of his own hands : that his talents and ii^ventive
faculties at last acquired him even divine
honours, and that there is to this day a temple
of Daedalus, on one of the islands near Memphis;
which is honoured by the neighbouring inha-
bitants. That Homer had been in Egypt, they
argue, among other reasons, from theadnuuilstta-
tion of the Nepenthes by Helen, to Telemachus^
which occasioned a forgetfulriess of the evils
that had befallen him: for he seems to have
perfectly understood the nature of this remedy,
which he says Helen received in the Egyptian
Thebes, of Polydamne the wife of Thon, for
that the women of the same place still make
use of it, for a similar purpose, and it is only
among the Diospolitan women, that it is known
as a remedy for anger and for sorro^^; and thafc
Diospolis is the Thebes of the anci^uts ; and
that Venus is called golden by its inhabitants
from an old tradition, and that there is a field
belonging to the golden Venus in the neighbour-
hood oi Momemphis: and that he has copied
from them the history of the embraces of Jupiter
and Juno, and of JoVe's absence in Ethiopia :
for that they have an annual ceremony, in which
the temple or shrine of Jupiter is carried across
the river into Libya, and is brought back m
a few days, as if the deity returned, from Ethiopia :
and that the. embraces of the deities are found
EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS. Ill
(§. 346) in their assemblies, when both of their
shrines are carried to a mountain which is
strewed by thp priest with flowers. [Analogies
all too slight to be admitted as any thing like
evidence.]
§. 98. They say also that Lycurguit and
Plato and Solon transferred many of the cusr
toms of the Egyptians into their own establish-^
ments. And that Pythagoras learned in Egypt
both his divinity and his geometrical theorems,
and his arithmetic, and the transmigration of
the soul into all kinds of animals. They believe
too that Democritus spent five years, among them,
and was taught by them many things relating
to astronomy. And that Oenopides [of Chius]
in the same way, by living with their priests and
astronomers, learned of them» among many
other things, the position of the sun's orbit, that
it moved obliquely, and in a direction contrary
to that of the other stars. And that Eudoxns,
in the same manner, gained great reputation
among his countrymen, by having studied astro-
nomy among them, and made known many of their
useful discoveries among the Greeks ; and the
most celebrated of the ancient statuaries had
lived among them, Telecles and Theodorus, the
sons of Rhoecus, who made for the . Samians
the image of the Pythian Apollo : for it is said
that one half of the image was executed in Samos
by Telecles, and the other half at Ephesus by his
112 EXTRACTS FROM DIODORUS.
brother Theodorus ; and that both parts, i^en
put together, agreed so well with each other,
as to appear precisely as if they had been the
work of one person : and that this kind of work7
manship was never practised by the Greeks, but
was very common among the Egyptians : for
that with them it was not usual to judge of the
symmetry of a figure by the sight of the whole,
as with the Greeks; but that when the stones
were quarried and properly cut out, they then
proceeded by proportion from the smallest to the
greatest ; and dividing the whole fabric of the
body into one and twenty parts, and a quarter,
they arranged the whole symmetry accordingly :
and hence, when their artists consult with each
other about the magnitude of any figure,
although separated from eachr other, they still
make the results agree so well, that this pecu-
liarity of their practice excites the greatest
astonishment : and that the image in Samos,
according to this refinement of the Egyptian!^,
being divided from the summit of the head,
and as far as the middle, is still perfectly con-
sistent with itself, and in all parts alike: they
also observe that it extremely resembles the
Egyptian figures as having the hands stretched
out, and the legs separated, as in walking. And
enough has now been said of what is most cele-
brated and remarkable in the country and cus-
toms of the Egyptians : [the greater part of
EXTRACTS FROM HERODOTUS. 113
which is of much more value, as occasionally
furnishing anecdotes from the arguments that
were advanced by thb priests in there discussions,
than as by any means rendered fully credible by
the application of these anecdotes.]
The process of embalming is described very
nearly in the same manner by Herodotus. " Their
customs,'' hie says. Book II. § 86, " relating to
mourning and to funerals are these. When any
person of consequence dies, the females of his
family cover their heads and faices with clay, arid '
leaving the dead body at horhe, wander through'
the city, beatiiig themselves, wearing a close
girdle, and having their bosoms bar6, accom-
panied by all their intiiiia'te frieiids : the men also
make similar lamentations in a separate company :
they then proceed to embaliii' the body.
(86). This service is performed by persons
appointed to exercise the art; as their business :
arid when a dead body is brought to them, they
show their patterns of mummies in wood, imitated
by sculpture : and the most elaborate of these
they say belongs to the character of [Osiris]
one, whose name I do not think it pious to men-
tioh ' on such an occasion : the second, that they
show, is simpler and less costly^ th'e third, the
cheapest of all : and having shown them these,
they inquire in which way the service shall be
performed : the parties then make their agree-
ment, and the body is left for preparation. The
n
.^a^^
114 EXTRACTS FROM HERODOTUS.
interior soft parts being removed both from the
head and from the trunk, the cavities are washed
with palm wine and fragrant gums, and partly
filled up with myrrh and cassia and other spices ;
the whole is then steeped in a solution of soda
for seventy days, which is the longest time per-
mitted ; and then, having been washed, the body
is rolled up with bandages of cotton cloth, being
first smeared with gum, instead of glue. The re-
lations then, receiving the body, procure a wooden
case for it in a human shape, and inclose the dead
body in it : and when thus inclosed, they treasure
it up in an appropriate building or apartment,
placing it upright against the wall. And this is the
most expensive mode of preparation.
(87). For those who prefer the middle class,
in order to avoid expense, the process is simpli-
fied by omitting the actual removal of the interior
parts, and introducing a corrosive liquid to melt
them down : the soda consumes the flesh, so that
skin and bone only is left, when the body is re-
stored to the friends.
(88). The third and simplest process is merely
to cleanse the body well, within and without, by
means of some vegetable decoctions, and to keep
it in the alkaline solution for the seventy days,
without further precautions."
It is difficult to say, according to these state-
ments, what part of the ceremony might be con-
sidered as actually constituting the burial. But
EXTRACTS FROM HERODOTUS. 115
we find in a Greek inscription on the coffin of a
mummy, found by Mr. Grey, which he has had
the goodness to communicate to me, "The tomb
of Tphuto (or Tphus) the daughter of Heracl6us
Soter and Sarapus. She was bom in the Vth
year of Adrian our Lord, the 2d Athyr [iii], and
died in the Xlth year, Tybi [v] the 10th. Aged
six years, two months, and eight days. She was
buried in the Xllth year, the 12th of Athyr."
So that here the burial took place a full year
after the death ; and there was time enough for
every imaginable luxury of the embalmer's art.
The coffin is not, in this instance, made in imita-
tion " of the human form," as the coffins of the
more ancient mummies, but it is merely an oblong
trunk, with an arched cover, and a pillar rising
a little at each angle. We have no precise account
of the liturgies, or services, performed to these
canonized personages, but they were probably
some forms of adoration, combined with ofierings
of flowers and fruit, which were placed before or
beside them, and it is well known that some com
and some cakes have been found still standing in
baskets, in some of the catacombs lately opened ;
and that specimens of them have been brought
to the British Museum.
CHAPTER VI J.
EXTRACTS FROM STRA60 ; ALPHABET OF CHAMFOI^
LION ; HIER06LYPHICAL AND ENCHORIAL NAMES.
THp manner in which the ^ierQglyphical alpha-
bet was employed, in the time of the Roman
emperors, may be understood from the examina-
tion of the specimens inserted in this chapter;
they comprehend an example of eac^ of the names
and titles, which Mr. ChampoUion has included
in his catalogue. In order to illustrate the vene-
ration paid to the Roman emperors in Egypt, I
shall subjoin an extract from Strabo, relating to
the administration of that country, in the days
of the earlier Caesars, for he was a contemporary
and a subject of Tiberius.
Book XVII. " The w^iole of Egypt was divided
into Nomes, the '^hebaid containing ^en, the Delta
ten, and the intermediate parts sixteen, making in
all 36 . . The nomes were generally divided into
Toparchiae, or local governments : and these again
into other portions . . At Alexandria, the Necro-
polis is a separate suburb, containing gardens,
and sepulchres, and subterraneous passages, em-
ployed for preserving the dead."
EXTRACTS FROM STRABO. 117
'' After the death of Julius Caesar, and after th^
battle of Philippi, Antony went into Asia, and
paid extravagant honours to Cleopatra, even
making her his wife, and having severa) children
by her. He carried on, in concert with her, the
war that was terminated at Actium, and accom-
4
panied her, as is well known, in her flight, Au-
gustus following them, destroyed them both, and
set Egypt at rest from the revels of a drunkard.
It is now governed as a province, or an Eparchia,
paying considerable taxes, but being always
administered by moderate men, who are sent as
Governors, and who hold the rank of a king.
Under the governor is the Dicaeodotes, thai is
the lawgiver, or chancellor: another officer is
called the Privy purse, or private accountant,
whose business it is to take charge of every thing
which i$ left without an owner, and which falls
of right to the Emperor. These two are also
attended by Freedmen and Stewards of Caesar,
who are intrusted with affairs of greater or less
magnitude. There are also three battalions of
soldiers, one in the city of Alexandria, the others
in the' country. Besides these, there are nine
companies of Romans ; three in the city, three in
garrison at Syene, upon the frontiers of Ethiopia,
and three in other parts of the country. There
are also three regiments of cavalry, similarly
distributed, among the fittest places. But of the
natives, who are employed in the government of
118 EXTRACTS FROM STRABO.
the different cities, the principal are the Exeg^tes,
or Expounder, who is dressed in purple, and is
honoured according to the usages of the country,
and takes care of what is necessary for the welfare
of the city ; and the Register, or writer of commen-
taries; and the Archidicastes, or chief judge; and
fourthly, the Captain of the Night. These same
magistracies existed in the time of the kings:
but the kings governed so ill, that the welfare of
the state was disturbed by all kinds of irregula-
rities. Polybius, who was in Egypt, expresses
his horror of the condition of the country at that
time: he says there were three kinds of inha-
bitants in Alexandria; the Egyptians, or the
people of the country, a keen and civilised race,
and the mercenary troops, who were numerous
and turbulent; for it was the custom to keep
foreign soldiers in their pay, who, having arms in *
their hands, were more ready to govern than to
obey : the third description of people were the
Alexandrians, not very decidedly tractable, for
similar reasons, but still, better than the last : for
those, who had mixed with them, were originally
Greeks, and remembered the habits of their
country. This part of the population was how-
ever then dwindling away, more especially through
Evergetes Physcon, in whose reign Polybius came
to Alexandria : for on several occasions, when there
had been some seditious proceedings he attacked
this plebeian multitude with his troops, and de-
"1
I
EXTRACTS FROM STRABO. J 19
stroyed great numbers of them. Polybius could
not therefore help exclaiming, that he had ** To
Eg-ypt come, a long and weary way," with but
little pleasure or comfort. The subsequent sove-
reigns administered their governments as ill, or
still worse. The Romans may be said to have
effected a great reformation in many respects, and
to . have regulated the city very effectually ; and
in the country they appointed persons as Com-
manders, and Monarchae, and Ethnarchae, that
is, masters of single places, and of districts, without
very extensive powers . . With respect to the
revenues of the country, we may judge of them
from Cicero, who mentions, in one of his orations,
that Auletes, the father of Cleopatra, had an
income, from the taxes, of twelve thousand five
hundred talents, [between three and four millions
sterling]* If then a king, who administered his
government in the worst and most negligent
manner possible, received so large a revenue,
what are we to suppose it must be at present,
when it is managed with so much care, and when
it has been so much increased by the enlargement
of the Indian and African commerce ? In former
times, there were not twenty vessels, that ventured
to navigate the Red Sea, so as to pass out of the
Straights : but now there are great fleets, that
make the voyage to India, and to the remotest
parts of Ethiopia, returning, laden with very va-
luable cargos, to Egypt, whence they are distri-
120 EXTRACTS FROM STRABO.
buted to other parts; so that they are subjected
to a double duty, first upon importation, and then
upon exportation: and the customs upon these
valuable articles are themselves proportionally
valuable; besides that they have the advantages
df a monopoly : since Alexandria alone is so si-
tuatied, as to afford, in general, the only warehouse
for receiving them, and for supplying other places
with them/'
From a Comparison of the Enchorial names,
which are here inserted, we may confidently add
to the alphabet a semicircFe, open above, as a
form of the p ; we have also several variations of
the T, and perhaps of the th ; and the character,
which is sometimes represented by z, and some-
times by s, must, in all probability, be the Coptic
sh; so tHftt z^iiNis ought rather to be written
sHMiNis, meaning OcTAVius, from sHMEii, eight.
The same character is found in the phrase' of the
Pillar of Rosettai ** who has received the kingdom
from his father ;" and may probably have 'belonged
te the word siiEP, if it is allowable to pursue the
aftalogy s6 far: it i^ also remarkable, that the
hieroglyphic, which corresponds to this character,
has very nearly the same form with that, to which '
Mr. Ghainpdlli6n attributes the power of sh or x
in the name of Xerxes. His Enchorial form of
the CH is wholly unsupported by any of these
names.
ALPHABET OF CHAMPOLLION.
(I
Ij^^^ .>?i> Js .0.
a.
M^ yC^ ,t=i,,dn,
• *
.*,w.^.^.ti,-§^.-,.^.1
•Y: tB.
121
B
I, H •
A •
M
N •
[i'i.9j.fh "•°'
4>, n *
TO
HIEROGLYPHICAL NAMES.
adrianub: alexandrus. antoninds:
CAESAR.
IIIEUOGLYPHICAI. NAMES.
123
PTOLBMAEUS :
C. NEOGABSARIS:
SABINA.
SEBASTE :
SEBA8TUS :
temp: dii: It.Phth,
tempUema,
stmp, It>f Fkih,
TRAJANUS: TRAJANUS: C.
CABSARIS: s^mp. GERMANICUS:. VESPA81ANU9 :
PIUS?
■I
4
fa4f
A£TU8
EirCHORIAJL PROPJ&R NAM£S.
Alecis, Lecis?
Alexander
Alexandria
Amenothes
Ammon, Jupiter
Ahmonius
Amonorytius
Amonrasonther
Antigenes
Antimachus
Apollonius
Areia
Arm*'enis"
Arsiesis
Xr-/h
r>
ki4.»dr3
Imi/»
*>
f^l-^It
V-^'^fik^ ^ #. (L»'-A^^/tW >i
'J "11 !■ « I
.^aA^^^Btft-
:=■* .
Arsinoe
Asus, AsYs, Asos
Athyr
Berenice
B
USIRITES
Chapochonsis
Chapocbates
Chimnaraus
Cleopatra
Diogenes
ExRENE, Irene
Erie us
HORUS
Isis
LUBAIS
Lycopolis
//
.t
126 I/NCHORIAL fROP£lt NAMJfcS.
Maesis
Mechir
Pechytes
Mesobe y^'VM<.i>
MiRsis ^ jf v^ lb
Nechthmonthes ^
Onnophris
fyt.3,
Osiris
U
OSOROERIS
r^fii^
Pacemis \%ff 3^
Panas ^1 ^ ^
Pateutemis I ^ r? ^ • •
Peteutemis 3 ^ f'^'^t''**! M
Pet£ab,pocrates I^ V ^ ^aA ^
Peteartres |V>uC^ I W
ENCHORIAL PROPER NAMJES. 127
Petechonsis r*h X I !/«,, ft X^\ I
Petemestus I ^ ^ 1 1 1 k/
Petenephotes » r^ i» h Ii^ 1 w
Peteuris ^W / 1 1
Petophois
Petosiris
Phabis
Phanres
Phibis
PORTIS
PSENAMUNIS
PSEXCHONSIS
Ptole-
MAEUS
1^1/
p>li
2
Pyrrha
Pyrrhius
C4/5
128 EtTCHO^lAL l^RO^Ell NAMES.
Senerieus
Senosor
Senpoeris
Snachomes
Snachomneus
SOTER
Spotus
Tbaeais
Teephbis
Thoth, Hermes
Thoyth
Thynabunun
TOTOES
Zminis
ZtHEKAETES
ZOGLYPHOT
V llUfff^^^o
^V3
ENCHORIAL NAMES. 129
From these specimens, we are also enabled
to make some further inferences respecting the
" popular" system of writing among the Egyp-
tians. They show incontestably, that the employ-
ment of the alphabet, discovered by Akerblad,
is not altogether confined to foreign, or at least
to Grecian names : it is applicable, for example,
very readily, to the words Lubais, Tbaeais, Phabis,
and perhaps to some others. But they exhibit
also unequivocal traces of a kind of syllabic
writing, in which the names of some of the deities
seem to have been principally employed, in order
to compose that of the individual concerned : thus
it appears, that wherever both m and n occur,
either together, or separated by a vowel, the
symbol of the god Ammon or Amun is almost
uniformly employed: for example in Ameno-
thes, AMONorytius, AMONrasonther, ChiMNaraus,
PseuAMUNis, and SnachoMNeus, in which we
find neither m nor n, but the symbol for Ammon, ^
or Jupiter. It follows therefore, that such must
have been the original pronunciation of the word,
and that this deity was not called either ho or
NOj as Akerblad was disposed to imagine. In
the same manner we have traces of Osiris, Arueris,
Isis, and Re; in Osoroeris, Petosiris, Senpoeris,
Arsiesis, Maesis, and Peteartres. The se, in PsEna-
munis and SEnerieus, is the symbol for a child,
and is probably a contraction of sheri : the gender
seems to be distinguished in the enchorial name»
while the distinction is lost in the alphabetical
mode of writing.
K
CHAPTER VIII.
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE PTOLEMIES,
EXTRACTED FROM VARIOUS AUTHORS.
i. EXTRACT from Porphyry, an author of the
age of Diocletian^ as qiwted in Scaliger's Eusebius,
and probably thence in the Armenian translation.
Alexander, the Macedonian, died in the CXI Vth
Olympiad, after a reign of 12 years in the
whole : and was succeeded in his kingdom by
Aridaeus, whose name was changed to Philip,
being brother to Alexander, by another mother ;
for he was the son of Philip by Philinna of Larissa ;
and after a reign of seven years, he was killed in
Macedonia, by Polysperchon the son of Antipater.
Now Ptolemy the son of Arsinoe and of Lagus,
after one year of this reign, by an appointment
derived from Philip, was sent as a Satrap into
Egypt ; which he governed in this capacity for 1 7
years, and afterwards, with Royal authority, for
23 ; so that the number of all the years of his go-
vernment, to the time of his death, became 40 ;
but since he retired from the government two
years before, in favour of his son Ptolemy Phila-
delphus, and considered himself as a subject of
his son, who had been crowned in his place, the
years of this first Ptolemy, called Soter, are
reckoned not 40, but 38 only.
He was succeeded by his son, sumamed, as
EXTRACT FROM PORPHYRY. 131
already mentioned, Philadelphus, who reigned
two years during his fathers' life, and thirty [six]
afterwards, so that his whole reign occupied, like
his father's, 38 years.
In the third place, the throne was ascended
by Ptolemy sumamed Evergetes, who reigned 26
years.
In the fourth by Ptolemy called Philopator,
whose reign was in the whole 17 years.
After him,^ the fifth Ptolemy was sumamed
Epiphanes, and reigned 24 years.
Epiphanes had two sons, both named Ptolemy,
who reigned aftier him ; the elder was surnamed Phi-
lometor, and the younger Evergetes the second ;
their reigns together occupy a period of 64 years.
We hav6 placed this as a single number, because,
as they were at variance with each other, and
reigned alternately, the dates were necessarily
confounded. For Philometor first reigned eleven
years alon^ ; but when Antiochus made war upon
Egypt, and deprived him of his crown, the Alex-
andrians committed the government to the charge
of his younger brother ; and, having driven back
Antiochus, set Philometor at liberty. They then
numbered the year the [twelfth] of Philometor
and the first of Evergetes ; and this system was
continued till the seventeenth: but from the
eighteenth forwards, the years are attributed to
Philometor alone.
For the elder, having been expelled from his
kingdom by the younger, was restored by the
132 EXTRACT FROM PORPHYRY.
Romans ; and he retained the crown of Egypt,
leaving his brother the dominion of Libya, and
continued to reign alone for 18 years. He died in
Syria, having conquered that country : Evergetes
being then recalled from Cyrene, and proclaimed
King, continued to number the years of his reign
from his first accession to the crown; so that
having reigned [29] years after the death of his
brother, he extended his dates to 54: for the
36th year of Philometor, which should have been
called his 1st, he determined to make the 25th.
In the whole therefore we have 64 : first 35 of
Philometor, and the remainder of Evergetes : but
the subdivision may lead to confusion.
. Now Ptolemy Evergetes the second had two
sons, called Ptolemy, by Cleopatra; the elder
Soter, and the younger [Alexander]. The elder
was proclaimed king by his mother : and ap-
pearing to be obsequious to her wishes, he was
beloved for a certain time: but when, in the
tenth year of his reign, he put to death the friends
of his parents, he was deposed by his mother for
Jiis cruelty, and driven as a fugitive into Cyprus.
The mother then sent for her younger son from
Pelusium,and proclaimed him sovereign together
with herself; so that they reigned in common,
the dates of public acts being referred to both :
and the year was called the eleventh of Cleopatra,
and the eighth of Ptolemy Alexander : compre-
hending the time as a part of his reign, which be-
gan with the fourth year of his brother i during
1
EXTRACT from: PORPHYRY. 133
which he reigned in Cyprus: and this custom
continued during the whole of the life of Cleo-
patra : but after her death the epoch of Alexander
alone was employed ; and, though he actually
held the sceptre for eighteen years only, from the
time of his return to Alexandria, he appears, in
his public records, as having reigned twenty six.
In his nineteenth year, having quarrelled with his
troops, he went out into the country in order to
raise a force to control them ; but they pursuing
him, under the command of Tyrrhus, a relation
of the royal family, engaged him by sea, and
compelled him to fly, with his wife and daughter,
to Myrae, a city of Lycia : whence crossing over
to Cyprus, and being attacked by Chaereas, who
had the command of the hostile fleet, he was killed
in battle.
The Alexandrians, after his flight, sent an em-
bassy to the elder Ptolemy, Soter [or Lathurus],
inviting him back from Cyprus, to take possession
of the kingdom. During the seven years and six
months that he survived, after his return, the
whole time that had elapsed since the death of his
father was attributed to his reign : so that the num-
ber of years became 35, and six months, of which;
however, only 17 and six months properly belonged
to him, in the two separate portions of his reign:
while the second brother, Alexander, had reigned
18 in the intermediate time : and although
these could not be effaced from the annals, they
suppressed them as far as it was in their power ;
134 EXTRACT FROM PORPHYRY.
since he had offended them by some alliance with
the Jews. They do not therefore reckon these
years separately, but attribute the whole 36 to
the elder brother, omitting again to assign to
Cleopatra, the daughter of the elder, and wife of
the younger brother, who took possession of the
government after her father's death, the six months
that she reigned, which were a part of the 36th
year. Nor did they distinguish by the name of
the Alexander, that succeeded her, the nineteen
days that he retained the crown.
This Alexander was the son of the younger
brother, Ptolemy Alexander, and the step son of
Cleopatra; he was residing at Rome, and the
Egyptian dynasty failing of male heirs, he came
by invitation to Alexandria, and married this
same Cleopatra [his step mother] ; and having
deprived her by force of her authority, he put
her to death after 19 days, and was himself killed
in the Gymnasium, by the guards, whom his bar-
barity had disgusted.
Alexander the second was succeeded by
Ptolemy, who was called Neus Dionysus, or the
young Bacchus, the son of Ptolemy Soter, and
the brother of the Cleopatra last mentioned : his
reign continued for 29 years.
His daughter Cleopatra was the last of the
family of the Lagidae, and the years assigned to
her reign are 22.
Neither did these different reigns fill up the
whole series of years from beginning to end ina
EXTRACT FROM PORPHYRY. 136
regular order, but several of them were intermixed
with the others. For, in the time of Dionysus,
three years are attributed to his two daughters,
Cleopatra Tryphaena, and Berenice ; a year con-
jointly, and two years, after the death of Cleopa-
tra Tryphaena, to Berenice alone; because in
this interval Ptolemy was gone to Rome, and was
spending his time there, while his daughters, as
if he were not about to return, took possession of
the government for themselves ; Berenice having
also called in to a share of her dominion some
men who were her relations : until Ptolemy, re-
turning from Rome, and forgetting the indulgence
due to a daughter, took offence at her conduct,
and deprived her of life.
The first years of the reign of his successor
Cleopatra were also referred to her in common
with her elder brother Ptolemy ; and the follow-
ing to other persons, for this reason : Ptolemy
Neus Dionysus, [or Auletes], left at his death
four children, two Ptolemies, and Cleopatra, and
Arsinoe; appointing as his successors his two
elder children, Ptolemy and Cleopatra ; they were
considered as joint sovereigns for four years, and
would have remained so ; but that Ptolemy,
having departed from his father's commands, and
resolved to keep the whole power in his own hands,
it was his fate to be slain in a sea fight near the
coasts of Egypt, by Julius Caesar, who took part
with Cleopatra.
After the destruction of this Ptolemy, Cleopa-
136 EXTRACT FROM PORPHYRY.
tra's younger brother, also named Ptolemy, was
placed on the throne with his sister, by Caesar's
decree, and the year was called the fifth of Cleo-
patra, and the first of Ptolemy : and this custom
continued till his death, -for two more years. But
when he had been destroyed by the arts of Cleo-
patra, in his fourth year and in the eighth of his
sister, the subsequent years were distinguished
by the name of Cleopatra alone, as far as fifteen.
The sixteenth was named also the first, since, after
the death of Lysimachus, king of Chalcis in Syria,
the "Autocrator" Marc Antony gave Chalcis
and all the neighbouring country to Cleopatra ;
and from this time the remaining years of her reign,
as far as the 22nd, which was the last, were
reckoned in the same manner, with an additional
number, the 22hd having been called also the
7th, [as the Armenian has very properly read, for
the 27th].
From Cleopatra the government devolved to
Octavius Caesar, called also Augustus, who over-
came the power of Egypt in the battle of Actium,
the second year of the CLXXXIVth Olympiad.
And firom the 6rst year of the CXIth Olympiad,
when Aridaeus Philippus [or rather Alexander], the
son of Philip, took possession of the government,
to the second of the CLXXXIVth, there are 73
Olympiads and a year, or 293 years. And so
many are the years of the sovereigns that reigned
in Alexandria, to the time of the death of Cleo-
patra.
BLAIR S CHRONOLOOT.
137
ii. - Slavics Chronology of the Ptolemies.
Year Olympiad, b. c.
of Nab.
413 CXI, year 1 336
426 CXIV, 2 323
464
465
602
503
527
52a
544
545
568
569
579
580
600
604
632
^3
642
643
660
66 L
667
668
CXXIII,
CXXIV,
CXXXIII,
CXXXIX,
CXLTII,
CXLIV,
CXLIX,
CL,
CLII,
CLVII,
CLVIII,
CLXV,
CLXVI,
CLXVIII,
CLXXII,
CLXXIII,
CLXXIV,
4 285
1 284
2 247
3 246
3 222
4 221
4 205
39
38
Aug. Alexander ftncceeds
Philip.
Apr. 21 ; Alexander dies :
Ptolemy S. 1.
Ptolemy Soter.
Ptolemy Philadelphus*
J}
- > Ptolemy Evergetes.
1
4
1
3
4
4
4
4
1
2
2
4
1
3
4
204
18L
180
170
169
149
145
117
116
107
106
89
88
82
81
25
If
245
12
35
21
9
10
!|
18
[1]
669CLXXV, 1 80 1
683 CLXXVIII, 8 66 15
684 4 65
697 CLXXXII, 1 52
698 2 51
702 CLXXXIII,2 47
703 I 3 46
704 4 45
Ji
14
1
5
1
2
705CLXXXIV,1 44 3
719 CLXXXVI 1,3 30 17
Ptolemy Philopator.
Ptolemy Epiphanes.
Ptolemy Philometor.
Ptolemy [Eupator.]
Ptolemy Philometor.
Ptolemy [Eupator.]
Ptolemy Lathurus and Cleo-
patra.
Cleopatra and Alexander.
Ptolemy Lathams.
Cleopatra II, 6 months:
Alexander II, 19 days.
Ptolemy Alexander III.
Ptolemy Auletes.
Ptolemy Dionysius II, and
Cleopatra III.
Cleopatra III, Ptolemy, jun.
Ptolemy dies, leaving Cleo-
patra JII.
Sept 2. Battle of Actium.
Augustus makes Egypt a
Roman Proyince.
138 CHAMPOLLION FIGEAC's CHRONOLOGY.
iii. Chronology of the Ptolemies^ according to ChampoUion
Figeac. Annales des Lagides, 2 v* 8. Par. 1819.
B. c.
323 May 30, Death of Alexander, Nab. 424 Ol.
CXIII, 4.
323 Oct. Ptolemy Soter arrives in Egypt
285 End. 39 Ptolemy places Philadelphus on die throne.
284 Nov. 2 1 Philadelphus.
246 Sum. 38 : 1 of Erergetes.
221 Sum. 25 : 1 of Philopator.
204 March 29, 17 : 1 of Epiphanes.
180 March 24 : 1 of Philometor.
146 Aut. 35 : 1 of Evergetes II. [Eupator.]
117 Oct 29 : 1 of Lathurus.
107 Sum. 10 Lathurus expelled ; Alexander reigns.
88 Sum. 29 Lathurus restored ; Alexander dies.
81 Middle 36: 1 Lathurus dies, Berenice reigns 6 months :
Alexander 11.
72 Beg. 8 : 1 Ptolemy Auletes, " 22 years" only.
51 Spr. <<22": 1 Cleopatra with her brother Ptolemy.
47 July 5 of Cleopatra : 1 of Ptolemy the younger.
44 July 8 Ptolemy poisoned early in the year.
41 July 11 Caesarion takes the title of king ; [the Neo-
caesar of the Hieroglyphical alphabet]
30 Sept 2 22 Battle of Actium.
29 Aug. 1 22 Cleopatra kills herself. Egypt a Komaa
Province.
iv. Mr, St, Martinis Chronology of the Ptolemies. Recberches
sur la Mort d'Alexandre, 8 Par. 1820.
Nabon* b. c.
424 324 June 22 Death of Alexander 01. CXIII, 4.
323 Nov. 8 Ptolemy Soter governor of Egypt,
17 years.
306 Nov. 1 Ptolemy Soter king ; reigns 21 years.
285 Nov. 7 Soter and his son Philadelphus reign,
2 years.
283 Oct. 17 Philadelphus ; reigns alone 36 years.
247 Nov. 8 Ptolemy Evergetes ; reigpds 25 years.
222 Nov. 2 Ptolemy Philopator ; reigns 17 years.
ST, martin's chronology. 139
'' 210 Oct 9 Ptolemy. £pi[diaiie8 associaled in the
crown."
*' 208 Oct. 28 .Fint year named after Epiphanes with
his father.''
205 Oct. 13 Epiphanes reigns alone^ 24year8
199 March 28 Anticipated coronation of Epiphanes.
181 Oct 28 Ptolemy Philometor reigns alone 11
years.
170 Oct 29 With Evergetes II. [Eupator] 6 years.
164 Oct. 21 Alone again, 18 years ; Evergetes at
Cyrene.
146 Nov. 2 Evergetes II. alone 29 years.
117 Nov. 10 Soter II. [Lathurus] with Cleopatra
10 years.
114 Nov. 8 Alexander I. reigns 7 years in Cyprus.
107 Oct. 21 Alexander reigns 18 years : Soter in
Cyprus
89 Nov. 1 Soter II. restored, reigns 8 years.
82 Oct. 17 Last of Soter: Berenice reigns 6 months;
Alexander II. 19 days.
81 Nov. 4 Ptolemy Auletos ; reigns 29 years.
69 Feb. 24 In the Koman year beginning this day,
Auletos was acknowle^ed king
by the Senate.
58 Feb. 14 He was driven out of Egypt after this
day, which was the beginning of a
Roman year.
58 Oct. 21 Cleopatra Tryphaena and Berenice;
1 year.
57 Nov. 7 Berenice ; 2 years with Cybiosactes
and Archelaus.
55 May 2 Auletos had been re-estoblished.
52 Nov. 12 Cleopatra with the elder Ptolemy; 4
years.
48 June 29 Battle of Pharsalia.
47 Feb. 6 Alexandria taken by Caesar ; death of
Ptolemy.
47 Oct. 18 Cleopatra with the younger Ptolemy.
44 Oct. 15 Cleopatra alone ; 14 years.
31 Sept. 2 Battle of Actium.
Oct. 21 Last year of Cleopatra begins.
30 Aug. 1 Alexandria taken by Augustus : end
of the Lagidae.
140 ST. martin's chronology.
Mr. St. Martin being the latest chronologist,
that has examined these dates, I have thought it
right to insert his table, which I suppose to be
correct in the principal part of its foundation,
although I cannot readily believe that he is right
in attributing to the Ptolemies the observance of
the Macedonian year rather than of the Egyptian.
He says that in Egypt, as all the world knows,
the years of the sovereigns were reckoned from
the first day of the year, in which they took the
reins of government : meaning by this the first
day of the Macedonian year : it appears, how-
ever, unquestionable from almost every inscrip-
tion and manuscript found in Egypt, which ex-
hibits a date, that the Egyptian months and years
were employed almost exclusively in that coun-
try. It happens, however, that about the time
in question, the beginning of these years did not
vary very exorbitantly from each other: the
Egyptian year having begun in September,
October, November or December: and the
Macedonian, according to Mr. St. Martin, in
October or November.
CHAMPOLLION S GENEALOGY.
141
V. Genealogy of the Ptolemies, from Champollion Figeae /, p. 281.
Children.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
IX.
X.
Reigtu, Names and Descriptione* Reined. Death. Wives,
I* SoTER. ' Son of Lagus 39 y. dm. Nataral. l.
and Arsinoe,fir8t 2. [Arsinoc]
governor, then 3. Enrydice, Ceraunos :
King. d. of Anti- seized the
pater. crown of Ma-
cedonia.
4. Berenice Philadelphoa:
died old. succeeded
_ him.
Phiiadelphus. Son of 37 y. 11 m. Natural, i. Arsinoc Evergetes.
Soter and Bere- d. of Lysi-
D'cc* machus, and
of his sister.
2. Arsinoe, None,
her mother.
EvEROETES : Tryphon ; 25 y.
son of Phila-
del|>hus and
Arsinoe.
Poison- Berenice, Philopator.
ed byhis daughter of Magas: put to
son. Magas. death by his
brother.
Arsinoe.
Philopator: Gallus; I6y. 5 m. Natural. Arsinoe Epiphanes
son of Evergetes
and Berenice.
Epiphanes. Son of 24 y.
Philopator and
Arsinoe.
Philometor. Son of il y.
Epiphanes and
Cleopatra.
EvERGETES II : Physcou 4 y.
Cacergetes. Phi-
loloicus. [Eupa-
tor.] Brother of
Philometor.^
VIII. Philometor and Ever- 2 y.
GETES.
Philometor.
his sister :
killed by her
husband.
Poison- Gleopatra,d. Philometor.
ed. of the king of Cacergetes.
Syria, survi- Cleopatra.
ved him 8 y.
Etbrgbtes II.
18 y,
29 y.
Fall Cleopatra A son : killed
from his his sister, by his nncle*
horse. Cleop. Cocce.
Natural. 1. Cleopatra, Memphites
his brother's killea by his
widow, re- ifather.
pndiated. Lathurus.
S.Cleopatra Alexander
Cocce, her Tryphaena :
daughter, married An-
tiochus.
Cleopatra: m.
Lathurus, k.
by Tryph.
Selene : m.
Lathurus;
afterwards
Antiochus,
142
CHAMPOLLIOKS OENEALOOT.
XI. Somll: Lathams: 10 y.
Pothinni. With
Cleopatra Cocce,
his mother.
Dmtk. WhPU.
CmUmrtn,
XII.
(De- 1 . Cleoptttn, Berenice,
posedi) ills sister,
repudiated,
t. Selene :
repudiated,
and given to
Antiochos.
3. A conca- Anletes.
bine. Another son,
whoreignedin
CYpmSy and
killed himself..
Cleopatra.
Alizaiidsr. Parisae- 17 y. 6 m. Killed Uncertain. Alexander II.
tes; his brother. inbattle,
With Cleopatra after A daughter :
Cocce. killing kiUed with
his mo- him.
ther.
XIII. SoTKR II, again.
8 y.
XIV. BiRSHiCB, daughter of 6 m.
So^er.
Natural.
Killed
byAlex-
anderll.
XV. Albxandbr II. filon of '< 8 y. 3 m.'' «Diesat Berenice ;
Alexander. [19 d.] Tyre.'' whom be
killed.
XVI. NBVt DiOHTtus : Au- "16y."
letes. Natural son
of Lathurus,
XVII. Bbrbmcs, daughter of fy.
Anletes.
Cleopatra.
XVIII. AoLms.
«y.
XIX. Ptoubiy the elder and Sy.
Cleopatra, chil-
dren of Anletes.
XX. Ptoixmt the younger 4 y. 6 ra.
and Cleopatra.
XXI. Clsopatra, alone. 14 y. 3 m.
Kitted
by her
lather.
Natural
Drown- Cleopatra
ed after his sister,
a battJe.
Poison- Cleopatra
ed byhis his sister,
wife.
Killed By Julius
herself. Caesar.
By Antony.
Berenice.
Cleopatra.
Ptolemy: dr.
Ptolemy:pois.
Arsinoe, left
Egypt.
Caesarion. •
A son.
A son.
A dau^ter :
carried in
triumph by
Augustus.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PTOLEMIES.
143
ri. Approximate dates of the various Reigns ; according to
Porphyry and to the Medals.
■t c. Ptolemy
Soler.
323 1
322 2
321 3
320 4
319 5
318 6
317 7
316 8
315 9
314 10
313 11
312 12
311 13
310 14
309 15
308 16
307 17
306 18
305 19
304 20
303 21
302 22
301 23
300 24
299 25
298 26
297 27
296 28
295 29
294 30
293 31
292 32
291 33
290 34
289 35
288 36
287 37
286 38
Soter and
Pbiladel-
phot.
285 39
284 40
PbUadel-
pbos.
283 41
282 42
281 43
B. c. Phlladel-
phu».
280 44
279 45
278 46
277 47
276 48
275 49
274 50
278 51
272 fi2
271 ^
270 64
269 66
268 ^
557?
267 tl9?
266 20
265 21
264 22
263 2^
262 24
261 25
260 26
259 27
258 28
257 29
256 30
255 31
254 32
253 33
252 34
251 35
250 36
249 37
248 38
B. c. Evergetes. b. c. EpipliUM. b. c. Philometor*
236
235
234
233
232
231
230
229
228
227
226
225
224
223
222
221
220
219
218
217
216
215
214
213
212
211
210
209
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
195
194
193
192
191
190
189
188
20 187
21 186
22
23
185
184
24 183
25 182
Pbilopa-
tor.
1 181
2 180
3 179
4 178
5 177
6 176
7 175
8 174
9 173
10 172
1! 171
12
13
14
208
207
206
Evergetes.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
247
246
245
244
243
242
241
240
239
238
237 10
205
204
203
202
201
200
199
198
197
196
Pbilopator 1 70
and EpI. - ^5^
phanea. ^-Olf
15 168
16 167
17 166
165
Epiphanes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
164
163
162
161
160
159
158
157
156
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Pbilome-
tor.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
PbUome-
tor aod
Evergetes
It.
12—1
13—2
14—3
15—4
16—5
17-6
Philome-
tor.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
155
1^4
153
27
28
29
152 30
151 31
160
149
148
147
146
146
145
144
143
142
141
140
139
138
137
136
135
134
133 38
132 39
32
33
34
35
36
Evergetes.
II.
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
131
130
129
128
40
41
42
43
127 44,
126 45
125 46
124 47
123
122
121
48
49
50
120 51
179 52
118
117
53
54
LathnrtM
and Cleo-
patra.
117 1
116 2
115 3
144
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PTOLEMIES.
B« 0* Litbonif
B. 0. Cleopatra
B.C.
Alennder i. c.
Aoletei.
B. 0.
Cleopatr%
•nd Cleo-
andAlexaii*
11. .
■
andPtole-
patra.
der.
my, Jon.
114 4
96 22—19
81
1
63
19
48
5-1
113 5
95 23—20
62
20
47
6—2
112 6
94 24—21
Aalelet.
61
21
46
7—3
111 7
93 25—22
81
1
60
22
45
8—4
110 8
92 26—23
80
2
59
23
44
9
109 9
91 27—24
79
3
58
24
43
10
108 10
90 28—25
78
4
Cleopatra
42
11
Cleopatra
and Alex-
Alexander.
77
5
and Bere-
nice.
41
12
89 26
76
6
57
1
40
13
ander.
88 27
75
7
Berenice.
30
14
10711— 8
lathanii.
74
8
56
1
38
15
106 12— 9
88 30
73
9
55
2
37
16—1
106 13—10
87 31
72
10
^ ^
Anletet.
36
17—2
104 14—11
86 32
71
11
54
28
35
18—3
103 15—12
85 33
70
12
53
29
34
19—4
102 16—13
84 34
69
13
Cleopatra,
and Pio-
33
20—5
101 17—14
83 35
68
14
len^.
32
21—6
100 18—15
82 36
67
15
52
1
31
22—7
09 19—16
81 37?
ee
16
51
2
98 20—17
Berenice.
65
17
50
3
97 21—18
81 1
64
18
49
4
OMISSION IN CHAPTER VI.
Page 115. At the end, add. To admimster
these rites, and to renew these offerings, at least
as often as could be required, was apparently
the duty of the priests, and they were no doubt
amply remunerated for their attentions, by the
families of the deceased, in the form of the
*' collections," which are the objects of sale in
Mr. Grey's papyrus. The deed was registered
19 days after its execution.
J
APPENDIX I.
I. GREEK PAPYRUS OF MR. GREY.
(1) ANTirPA^ov (ri;NrPA*H2 AirVHTIAS regi yeicPON
f V erZ. yf voMENHS (2) KATAA Y. , .
(3) ET0Y2 Ar a^P |K META TA KOINA TAAE AEFEI
XOAXYTHS (4) TON Aoi/Xwv Kr^ot THS METAAHS ON-
NQOPIS OPOY MHTPOS (6) SENHOHPft wc l M EY-
nETESIOS METac /xcAIXPOS KOIAOO0AAMOS (6) ANA-
OAAANroc OPOI OPOY MHTPOS SENHOHPIS HYAO-
KHffE ASME [vtfc?] (7) THS TIMj;< rov HMISOYS TOY
TPITOY rj;c AOFEIAS TON KEIMENON (8) NEKPON er
GYNABOYNOYN EN rjyt AIBYHI TOY HEPIGUBAS (9) EN
TOIS MEMN0NEI0I2 OMOIOS KAI TOY HMISOYS TOY
TPITOY AEITOYPnON (10) KAI TON AAAON ON TA O-
NOMATA I MOYSHS SHOTOYTOS SYN (11) TEKNOIS KAI
tANTON XAUOXPATHS NEXOMONGOY SYN TEKNOIS
(12) KAI HANTOv aPSIHSIS NEXeMONGOY OMOIOS
HETEMESTOYS (13) NEXGMwyi&oi/ OSAYTOS APSIHSIS
ZMINIOS OMOIOS (14) OSOPOHPIS a^ov oMOIOS SHO-
TOYS XAHOXONSIOS OSAYTOS (16) ZOFAY^OS A*
ON EHIBAAAEI ASOTI OPOY MHTPOS SENHOHPIS (16)
TOI NE«rEPOY SOY AAEA^OI TON AYTON XOAXYT«N
TO HMISY (17) TOY HPOEI^j/MEvOY TPITOY MEPOYS
AEITOYPriON KAI KAPHEION KAI (18) TON AAAOv
aHEAOTO AYTOI EN TOI Xr 77 a$YP EHI BASIAEOS (19)
AIONOBiOY ac HAHPOSIN TOY TPITOY KAI TOY HMISOYS
KAPHEION (20) KAI TON AAAOv ycKPON EN GY. HA-
TEYTHMEI SYN TEKNOIS KAI (21) HANTON Kat jyMISOYS
146 GREEK PAPYRUS OF MR. GREY.
KAPHEION EniBAAAONTON MOl EN T0I2 (22) HETEXOv-
fflOS TAAAKTO^OPOY KAI TOHOY A2IHT0S KAAOY-
MENOY (23) *PEKArH2 2YN TON EN AYTru NEKPQN A*
ON EniBAAAEI (24) TOI AYTOI a^OTI TO HMISY AHEAO-
MHN AYTOI 2A EI2IN (26) KAI EXO AYrON HAPA SOY
THN TIMHN KOYGEN SOI ETKAAO (26) HEPI AYTQN
aUO THSHMEPON EAN AE TIS SOI EHEAGHI (27) HEPI
AYTON i/HOSTHSO AYTON EAN AE MH AHOSTHSOI (28)
AnOSTHSD EHANATKON ETPA^EN OPOS *ABITOS O
HAPA ;T0N (29) lEPEION rov A^oNPASONGHP KAI TQN^
SYNNAON GEON MONO(30)rPA«OS Ma^i/PES EPIEY2
0ANPEOYS HETEAPTPHS HATEYTHMIOS (31) IIETEAP-
nOXPATHS «f oY SNAXOMNEYS HETEYPIOS SNAX0MH2
(32) ^ENXONSIOS TOTOHS *IBI0S HOPTIS AHOAAONI-
OY ZMINIS (33) HETEMESTOYTOS IIETEYTHMIS APSIH-
SIOS AMONOPYTIOS (34) HAKHMJOS OPOS XIMNAPAY-
TOS APMHNIS ZGENAHTIOS (36) MAHSIS MIPSIOS ANTI-
MAXOS ANTITENOYS IIETO^OIS ^IBIOS (36) UANAS
HETOSIPIOS MAPTYPES Ir
(37) ANTirPA*ON HTOMATOS/ ETOYS Ar XOIAX S r EOT
THN EN AlOSt^ (38) TPAHEZAN E* HS AYSIMAXOS K ETK
KATA AlArPA^iyN ASKAHHIAAOY (19) KAI ZMINIOS
TEAONON E* HN YHOFP HTOAEMAIOS ANTITP OPOS
OPOY (40) XOAXYTHS o v. TON AOFEIOMENON Ai
ai/TON XAPIN TON KEIMENON (41) NEKPON EN GYNA-
BOYNOYN EN TOIS MEMNONEIOIS THS XI^vHS (42)
Tiyc HEPIG TA*OIS ANG HS HOIOYNTAI AEITOYPITAS
A EONHSATO (43) HAPA 0NNO*PI0S TOY OPOY XAA-
KoY Zr T T,T
(44) AYSIMAX . YPP
JI. PAPYRUS OF ANASTA5Y AND BOCKH.
(1) BASIAEYONTQN KAEOHATPAS KAl HTOAEMAIr-
oX YIOY TOY EHIKAAOYMENOY AAE^BJANAPOY GEON
*IA0MHT0PON SOTHFON EtOYS IB TOY KAI 9 E*
lEPEQS TOYONTOS (2)EN AAEXANAPEIAI AAEfifAN APOY
KAI BEON SQTHPQN KAI BEON AAEA^ON KAI BEON
EYEPrETQN KAI BEON «A0nAT0PON KAI BEON EHI-
$ANON KAI BEOY (3) WA0MHT0P02 KAI BEOY EYIIA-
TOPOS KAI BEQN EYEPFETON ABAO*OPOY BEPENIKH2S
EYEPFETIAOS KANH^OPOY APSINOHS *IAAAEA*OY
KAI [IEPEI]AS APSINOHS (4) EYHAtOPOS TON ONTON
EN AAE^BJANAPEIAI EN AE HTOAEMAIAI THS BHBAIAOS
E* lEPEON HTOAEMAIOY TOY MEN SOTHPOS TON ON-
TON KAI OYSON (5) EN HTOAEMAIAI MHNOS TYBI KB
EH AHOAAONIOY TOY IJPOS THI AFOPANOMIAI TON ME
KAI THS KATO TOHAPXIAS TOY HABYPITOY
(6) AHEAOTO HAMONBHS OS L ME MESOS MEAANXPOS
KAAOS TO SOMA *AAAKPOS STPOrrYAOHPOSOHOS
EYBYPIN KAI SNAXOMNEYS OS L K MESOS MEAIXPOS
(7)KAI OYTOS STPOrrYAOHPOSOHOS EYBYPIN KAI SEM-
MOYBIS HEPSINHI OS L KB MESHl MEAIXPOS STPOrFY-
AOHPOSOHOS ENSIMOS HSYXH KAI TABAYT (8) HEP-
SINHI OS L A MESHI MEAIXPOS STPOrrYAOHPOSOHOS
EYBYPIN META KYPIOY TOY EAYTON HAMONBOY TOY
SYNAHOAOMENOY 01 TESSAPES (9) TON HETE^AITOS
TON EK TON MEMNONEION SKYTEON AHO TOY YHAP-
148 PAPYRUS OF ANASTASY AND BOCKH.
XONTOS AYTOIS EN TOI AHO NOTOY MEPEI MEMNO-
NEON nAAKO''Y''2 (10) OTAOYTOHOY IIHXEI2 EN TETAP-
TON H rEIT0NE2 NOTOY PYMH BASIAIRH BOPPA KAI
ADHAIOTOY nAMONGOY KAI B0K0N2IHMI02 AAEA^OS
(11) KAI K0IN02S n0A£O2 [or T0IX02] AIBOS OIKIA
TATHTOZ TOY XAAOMH PE0Y2HS ANA ME20N M
OEfOYSHS AHO TOY HO FEITONES HANTOGEN EIIPIA-
TO NEX0YTH2 MIKP02 (12) A2OT0S OS L M MESOS
MEAIXPOS TEPHNOS MAKPOHPOSOHOS EYOYPIN OYAH
METOnOI ME20I XAAKOY NOMISMATOS XA HPOnO-
AHTAI KAI (18) BEBAIOTAI TON KATA THN ONHN TAY-
THN 01 AnOAOMENOI ENEAEiKATO NEXOYTHS O
nPIAMENOS .
AHOA . K . Ayf .
L. 9. nAAKOYS for nAAK02. L. 10. AA£A«02 seems
inserted parenthetically. L. 11. AI for AIOPYFOS.
L. 13. Possibly O EAE;^ATO, but not ON.L. 14. The signature
somewhat resembles the K' ErKv, which occurs in almost all
the registers ; but from the interpretation of that contraction,
afforded by the Parisian manuscript, it would be unapplicable
here; and these characters may probably be part of xar*
dyofdv. The term \6yeia, or Xoy'/a, of the former manuscript,
was afterwards applied to the collections made for the poor,
in the Christian Churches.
HI. VARIOUS REGISTRIES COMPARED.
1. GREY. A.
2. B.
3. C.
4. PARIS. ENCH.
6. GREY ANT.
ETOYS KH MESOPH KH
ETOYS KG *AM* G
ETOYS AE *APMO*' K
ETOYS Ar XOIAX G
ETOYS Ar XOIAX G
6. ANASTASY
ETOYS IB TOY KAI G *.
APMOYGI K
1. TEf
Eni THN EN EPMQ2EI
2. rsr
EHI THN EN EPM^"
3. TET
EHI THN EN AIOSQ THI M*
4. TETAKTAI EHI THN EN AIOSHOAEI THI METAAHI
6. T
EHI THN ENAIOSO
6. . • •
EHI THN EN EP2
1. TP
E« HS AIO K
u
ETK
mg
2. TP
E« HS AION K
ETK
3. TP
E« HS AYSIM
4. TPAHEZAN E* HS AYSIMAXOS EIKOSTHS ETKYKAIOY
6. TPAHEZAN E* HS AYSIMAXOS K ETK
6. TP
1/
£« HS AION
V
ETK
150 VARIOUS REGISTRIES COMPARED.
1 . RATA THN HAP A2KA"
2. RATA THN HAP A2KA KAI KPATOY
3. RATA THN EAPA SAPAHIONOS RAI TON METOXON
4. RATA AIATPA^HN A2RAHniAA0Y RAI ZMINIOS
6. RATA AIATPA^iyN ASRAHHIAAOY RAI ZMINIOS
6. RATA AIAFP fierox
1. TOY EPOS THIQN^HIAI AFP Y* HN YHOFP HTOA*
2. TONHPOSTHIQNH AI AFP Y^HNYnorPHTOAEM AIDS
3. TON EPOS THIONHIAIArPY*HN YHOrP EPMOMAOS
4. TEAONON Y* HN YHOFP HTO AEMAIOS
6. TEAONON Y* HN YHOFP HTO AEMAIOS
A
6. TE Y* HN YEOrP HPRAEIAHS
1 . ANTirP ONES TEE^BIS AMEN**'
2. OANTirP A2YSOP0Y ONES
3. RAI SAP 01 ANTirPONHS EEXYTBS APSIHSIOS
4. O ANTirP atritfS OPOY XOAXYTOY
^- ANTirP OPOS OPOY XoAXYTHS
6. O ANTirP TB ONES NEXOYTBS MIRPOS ASOTOS
1 . TXX 1 AEO B« ± "z ABO N TOY OAOY ^lAOY T
2. *IAOY ^ B_
8. A' MEPOYS *IAOY T 1? ^
4. EN B: TON AOTEIOMENON AI AYTON XAPIN TON
5. iS rj. TON AOPEIOMENON AI AYTON XAPIN TON
6. *IAON TOEON "IT EN TETAPTov
VARIOUS REGISTRIES COMPARED.
151
3. EN TOI AUG N M*
1. TOY ONTOS AHO NOTOY AIOS^ THS M*
2. TOY ONTOS AHO N AIOSO TU S M*
AlOSn THS M^AHO AIBOS
4. KEIMENON NEKPON EN OIS EX0Y2IN . ENTOIS/
5. KEIMENON NEKPQN EN eYNABOYNOYMv Ef TOIE/
6. EN TOI AHO NOTOY MEPEI MEMNONEQN
3. TOY »po TOY HP TOY AFONTOZ EHI HOT-
4. MEMNONEIOIS THS AIBYHS TOY HEPIGHBaS TA*OIS
6. MEMNONEIOIS THS AIj3i/HS To^ HEPIO « TA^OIS
1 . ON AI TEITNIAI AEA AIA THS HPOK*
2. OY AI TEITNIAI AEA AIA THS HP
3. OY AI TEITNIAI AEA AIA THS HPOKEIME
4. ANG HS nOIEITAI AEITOYPPIAS
6. ANG HS nOIOYNTAI AEITOYPFIAS
SYNPP
SYNFP
SYNPP
1 . ON Hrop
2. OvKT
3. ON HrOPASEN
4. A eon''
6. A EONHSATO
6. ON EONHGH
HAP AAHKIOS KAI
HAP AAHKIOS TOY EPIEOS KAI
HAP AMMONIOY TOY HYPPIOY KAI
HAP ONNO^PIOS TOY OPOY
HAPA ONNO^PIOS TOY OPOY
HAP HAMONGHSTOY KAI
1. AOYBAITOS KAI TBAIAITOS TON EPIEOS KAI
2. AOYBAITOS KAI TBAIAITOS TON EPIEOS KAI
3. ^ENAMOYNIOS TOY HYPPIOY
6. SNAXOMNEOS TON HETE^AITOS SYN TAIS AAEA^AIS
152 VARIOUS REGISTRIES COMPARED.
1. SENEPIEYT02 THS IIETENE^OTOY KAI EPIED2 TOY
2. SENEPIEOS TH2 UETENEWiTOY KAI EPIEOS TOY
1. AMENOeOY KAI 2EN020P$IBI02 TH2 AMENOGOY
2. AMENQ60Y KAI ££N02:OP«IBI02 TH2 AMENOeOY
1. KAI 2n0IT0S TOY KAI EPIEa2 TOY AMENOGOY
2. KAI 2nOIT02 KAI EPIE02 TOY AMENOGOY
1. EN.TOI KH UAXONlK
4. ENTOI Ar L AGYP Kiyc
1. XX reXoc
2. X X^ ^ reXoc
3. XAKm TiB T
4. 2YINETPAIIH2GHI XAAKOY iX2? TEA02
6. XAAKOY Zr f
6. X Z a
1.
riyc B
P 1 P AION
YP
2.
ov an
* aion"
YP
.3.
4.
A
OV A
ENAKoeOY2
R / R AY2IMAX
1 I AY2IMAX02
yFp
Yyf
5.
T TAY2IMAX
YFP
6.
V =
X
f ^
Yrp
^^ - '^T"
APPENDIX II.
SPECIMENS OF HIEROGLYPHICS:
From the Article Egypt.
1. God; powerful
2. God; jitdge
3. Goddess
4. Gods
6. Agathodaemon
6. Phthah
7. Ammon
8. Phre
10. lOH
11. Thoth
12. Osiris
13. Arueris
r
,rrr
ij@s,i0
9. Rhea • • »
i
164 SPECIMENS OF HIEROGLYPHICS
k
14. Isis
16. BuTO
17. HoRus
20. Apis
25« Anu^is
26. Mac£DO
37 » Hieracion
28. Cerexochus
30. Platypterus
38. Memnon
50. PSAMMIS
/Q^
16. Nephthe "" ' ^
SI
22. Hyperion ^ ^n
23. Cteristes [or Cerberus] ^1,111"
24. Tetrarcha • • •^ •
^8
mo ]{
#>
i\.3\
SPECIMENS OP HlKROOLttPHlCS* 1 5.)
83. Greek
84. Country
85. Land
91 Column
100. Tear
101. Image
102. Statue
TrT-.rt, rtFt
62. Amasis
67. SOTERtS
72. Ramuneus
80. Egypt »jf OCI
<amH[|[|p]y
81. Memphis ^^Ttf
r^fft
87. tEMPLE i , A , n
88. Shrine ^
92. Diadem ^^
mSUm
156 SPECISIEXS OF UieiiOGLTPHICa«
ilT
103, Letters
108. Life 9
r
109. Eternity
110. Immortal -/^t,./2EIt
111. Joy a
112. Power
113. Stability 1
114. Established II
116. Mighty ^"^
117. Victory
118. Fortune
<s>
119. Splendour "^
i20 Bearing H.
5
121. Illustrious 2\
122. Hqnour .^
SPCOlMBKfi OF HI£ROOX.YPHIG».
167
123 Respectable
iti'.i
fiBiimiiiiit*
125. Rite
126. Worship
127. Father
129. Son
133. Child
(128.) [Wife]
[Brother; Sister
134. Director
135. Steersmax
137. King
138. Condition
139. Kingdom
140. Libation
If
K
o
A«^
6
\/
:i
t
k^.
168 SPECIMENS OF HIEROGLYPHICS.
142 Priest
143. Priesthood
145. Assembly fp
146, Sacred > Jp
147. Consecrated
148. Give ^iJ
160. Enlightening
149. Offer
151. Lawful y jffm
152. Good J
153. Bestowing vassssm
154. Munificent |||
155. Upper; Lower \3^ ^
156. Others
-o
]62. Loving B •
SPECIMENS OF HIEROGLYPHICS. 169
164. Set up IV X
165. Prepare f Pjl
166. Inorderthat
167. Wherever
168. And
169. Also, with
170. Moreover
}
172 In
1^3. Upon, at
174. Over, on
176. For
177. Of, to
178. Day
171. Likewise <^ 41*31^
^
•v^
• t
176. By the •
%
o
n QP
179. Month q
#*■'
I6d 8PfiCfMl£KS or HTKROaLYPHff!a«
180. Year
181. Thoyth
182. Mechir
183. Mesore
202. A THOUSAND
Howlett and Bilmmer, Printers,
to, Frith Street, Sobti.
'--'^'
'♦?'j.^ ••
Mill
184. First day i, I
185. Thirtieth
■ 186. O^TE
187. First
188. Two ■ I
192. Thrice
197. Ten tl.fl
_ nnnt%
200, Forty two ' i
201. A hundred 9
I
WORKS IN THE PRESS,
TO BE SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS,
I,
ADA REI8, 8 vols, small 8to,
IL
Narrative of a Journey from the Shores of Hudson's Bay, to the
Mouth of the Copper-rMine River ; and from thence, in Canoes» along
the Coast of the Polar Sea, upwards of 50O mfles, and of the Return
of Ihe Expedition, overland, to Hudson^s Bay, &c. Bj Captaik
JOHN FRANKLIN, R. N., C<Himuinder of the Expedition. With an
AppencUx, oontuning subjects of Natural History, by John Riduad^
son, M.D., Surgeon to the Expedition; Illustrated by Charts,* and
numerous Plates, from Drawings by lieut. Back and the late Lieut.
Hood. 4to.
Undertaken^ and now published, under the direction and authority of the
JSiABit Bathurst, one of hie Majeety'e Principal Seefetaries of State, *
This Work win be ready in March.
III.
All Account of some recent Discoveries in HieroolyphicalLi*
TBRATURB and Egyptian Antiquities, including the Author's original AI-«
jAabet, as extended by Mr. Champoilion ; with a Transla4aon of Five un«t
pubiished Qreek and Egyptian Manuscripts. By Thomas Young, M.D.,,
F.R.S., and of the Royal Coll. of Physicians. 8ro. with numerous Plates^
IV.
Description of an AntecKlnvian Den of HY^aSNAS, discovered at
Kiricdale in Yorkshire, in 18S1, and containing the remains of the
Hysena^ Tiger, Bear, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamtts, all
fofmerly natives in ^s country ; with a comparative View of many* similar
Caverns and Dens in England and Germany. By the Rev. William
BuCKLANn, F.R.S., F.L.S. and Professor of Mineralogy and Ideology in
the University of Oxford.
Qlustrated with a Map, Views, and Sections of the Caves» and
of the Animal RsmainSf . 4io.
WORKS IN THE PRESS.
»
V.
The Oriando FurioBo of Ariosto. Translated with an Introdoctioii
and Notes, by William Stewart Rose. Vol. I, (contuning 6 Cantoft)
win be pttbliahed immediately, uid the remaining Volumes in succession.
TUt woilr hat teen mdertaken in the widi to rapply a void in Italo-EagUdi Hterttore, ainc^
Arioato, thooKh tha wrtler moat calcntated to please oar taste In an English Areia, ib almoat
the only distlntalshed Italian author of whom we have no tolerable translation^— The obj|ect
or thb attempt is to give, at least, a faithf al ootline of his work : and, with thia vk^, a style
has been adopted as analagons to that of the oririnal as the genins of the two langnages wonld
admit; and the tame mftra choaen u that of the fWrtoi^/lnto n^b it has been transhited
thronghoat, atanaa for sUnaa^and Une/or line, where it conld be effected withomt too great a
sacrifice of worthier considerations.
VI.
Memoirs of the Lifb ov Rossini, with nn Historical axid Critical
Aecount of his Conoqpositions, and an Historical Sketch of the State of
Music in Italy. From the beginning of the present Gentory to the year
182S. By th9 Author of the Lives of Haydn and Mozart 8vo.
vn. .
The Book of thb Ohuach. By Hobe&t Southey. Sto.
" Manifold as lire the Mmilnji for wUdi BngHahaaen are bdiolden to the insatntions of their
conntry, there is no part of those institntlons firom which dify derWe more Important advu-
tages than ftrom its Charch Establishment, none by which the temporal condidon of all
ranhs has boen so materially promoted. So many of onr eoantrymen wonld not be nngrate-
fU for these beneflts, If they knew how nnmerons and how great they tire, how dearly they
were prised by oar forefhthers, and at how dear 'a price they were purchased for onr inhe-
litanea; by what rellgfona camrtioas, what lieralc devotion, wint predoaa Uvea, wmsnmrd
In pious labours, wasted away In dongeons, or oflpNred np araldlho flunea* TUs Is a know-
ledge, which. If early inculcated, might arm the young heart against the peatliint cnora of
thcae distempered times* I offer, therefore, to those who rqpurd with love and rererenee
the religion which they have recelYcd firom their Ihthers, a brief but comprdMuive record,
diligently, fslthlhlly, and conscknUonsly composed, which they may put Into the handa
of thdr chttdrtn."— PirQ|Sw0.
VIII.
Original Letters, written during the Reigns of Henry VI.,
Edward IV. and Y^ tltehaid III., and Henry VII. By vanous
Persons of Rank or Consequence, containing many curioiui Anecdotes,
relative to that tnrhulent, hloody, but hi&erto dark, period of our His-
tory ; and elucidating, not only Public Matters of State, but likewise
the Private Maxmesn of the Age ; digssted in Chrondogkal Order ;
with Notes, Historical and Explanatory; and authentiGated by Engiav^
mgs of Portraits, Autographs, 'Fac-Simfles, Paper Mjuks and Seals.
By the late Sin Johv Fbnn, Knt. M.A., F.A.8; Vol. V. 4ito.
IX.
The Flays and Poems of Shirley, now first collected and
chrondogically arranged, and the Text carefidly collated and
restored. With occasional Notes, and a Biographical and Critical
Essay. By W^llmm Gifford, Esq. In 6 volumes avo.
.^
wonts iu TOR jniA».
X.
Letters from the Caucasus and Georgia. With a Hap tmd
Views. 8vo.
XI.
Travels by the late John Lewis BuBOKHAR|iTi Vol. IIL
In the Hedjaz. With Plates. 4to.
Also a Second Edition of Burckhardt's Travels. Vol. I., containing
Nubia, 4to. S/. St, * and Vol. IL, Syria and the Holy Land, 4to., 2/. Sr«
Inay also be had.
XII.
Researches in the South of Ireland, illustrative of the Scenery,
Architectural Remains, Maaners, and Superstitions of the Peasantry ;
from personal Observations, Ancient Autiiorities, and Original Manu-
scripts. By T. Crofton Crokbr.
With 16 drawings from Nature, and on Stone, by Miss Nicholson and
Mr. Alfred Nicholson, and Engravings on Wood by the first Artists. 4to.
XIII.
A Nanratrre of the Operations of the Left Wing of the Allied
Army, in the VTestem Pyrenees and South of France, in the years
1813-14, under Field Marshal th^ Marquess of Wellington. Com-
prising the I'assage of the Rivers Bidassoa, Nitelte, Nive and
Adour, the Blockade of Bayonne, &c. Ulustrated by numerous Plates
of Mountain and River Scenery, Views of Fontarabia, IrUn, St. Jean de
Luz, and Bayonne, with Plans, &c. Drawn and Etched by Captain
Battt, of the Grenadier Guards, F.R.S., Member of the Imperial Russian
Order of St. Anne. Royal 4to.
3ttV.
Essays on the Anatomy of Expression, on the Passions as they
loe exhibited in the Changes of tiie Countenance, and in the Agitation
of the Frame generally. Also on the Origin of our Conceptions of
Beauty, in the Fonns of the Head ; and of the Characters of iTouth and
Age* By Charlbs Bbll, Esq. 4to., with many Engravings. Second
Edition, with very important Additions^
WOtOiB IN THE FKiAi.
XV.
Odcis of Pindar, Translated, with Notes, Critical and EzpU-
natory. Bj Abraham Moorb, Esq. Royal 8ro.
jcyi.
The Sunouc Papers, from the Collection erf* the Mar^
. eaiONBst of LoNDONDBRRY.— dietten to and frctoh Henrietta, Coon^
less of Sollblk, and her SeiSond Hnsband, the Honourable Greorg e
Berkdy, with nmneroiu ifiuttratihrc Notes. 8 vols. 8to.
fhiM IntaiMtiiic eorretiKMideiioe coaipiiMi letten firom Pope,S^ft, Oay, and Tonng; Hm
DnchcMet of Mariborovgh, Bucldngham, and Qoeeufbnrjr ; La^es Herrcy, Luudowne, Yere*
and Hester Pitt ; liorda Boliiigbroke, Peterboronsb, Cbeaterfield, and Bathnnt; Mr. Law
(the TInancier), Mr. Pelham, Mr. Hampden, Mr. Earle, Oracle Walpole (both aenlor and
Jaalar); and tereral other persons of eminfnea in the fashionable, political, and litemf
(circles of the reigns of Queen Anne, and George I., George 11., and Geoi^ III.
XVII.
1
A Latin Grammar. By I. J. G. Schsixer. Translated
from the German, with an Appendix and Notes, by Gborgb Walkbr^
M.A., late Fell6w of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Head Master of thd
Grammar School, Ixeeds. 2 vols. 8to.
This Grammar has passed throogh many editions. It is particnlarly afecttrate and copioaa
on the Sjrntax of the Latin langnage ; in^which respeet all Latin Grammars, whi^ ha^fe
appeared in English, not excepting the Port B^yal, are remarlcably deflcient. MATTHiiBy
in his excellent Greek Grammar, confesses, ihat he has taken Schbllsb fdr his mcdelf anii
that his object was to cSfd for tH Grsek langaage^ what Scheller had iftind iortfMLalia.
XVIlI.
A View of Sicily and its Islands, describing their peculiar
Features, Productions, Natural History, Antiquities, and Hydrography I
together with the Manners, Customs, Character, Condition, and Resources
of the several Classes of their Inhabitants, more particularly those of
iSicily ; from Materials collected in the course of a Survey; By Order of
tlut Lordt Commimaneri of the Admiralty.
By Captain William Hbxrt Smtth, of the Royal Navy. 4to. Illus-
trated with Charts, Views, Costumes, &c, from drawings ma^e on the Spdt;
XIX.
An Historical Sketch of the International Policy of Modem En'
rope, as connected with the Principle of the Law of Nature and Nationsi
With some short Remarks on the Policy which the Continental Nations
have pursued since the Holy AlUance. By the Hon. Frbdbrick BoBiTi
of Iuncc^*s-Inni Barrister at Lawi 8? Oi
AlbtaiBle-Streetp London,
March, 1888.
Works just published>
'(-DURING THE LAST THREE MONTHS}.
B6hD BY kht BOOKSELL^HS.
Observations on tine Ettecis produera by tlie Expenditure of ^^
vBrnment, during iM itestriction of Casb PsiymentSi
By Wii«LiAM Blakb, Esq., F.R/S. 8vo. it. '
11.
ilie PtONfiERS, or the Sources of the Sesqnehannai Bjr ik^
Author of the Spy. 3 vols. tSmo. \St.
III.
lliougtits and Details on the High and I^w Prices of the Itust Hiirt j-
Years. Parb I., on ihe fifftets of Alterations in the Correiicy;
By Thomas Tookb, Esq., lP.R.s. 8ro. (M;
IV.
The Crisis of l^>ain. Second Edition. .8vo. 2s. odi.
V. \
llie Firot Voliime of a History of the Late War in Spain anii
Portugal. % Robert Southby, Esq. 4b. H. lOs.
Vt.
Essays on the tiove, the t^oetry, and the Character of Petrarch^
bomprisikig ndm^rous l^ranslsitiohs by the Author's friends. By \Jq6
FoscoLO. 8vo. i2s.
VII.
A Portrait of Washington Irying, (Author df the Sketch
Book, &c.) wltii Ten Plates, to illustrate the Sketch Book, and Kiiioker-^
bockei^s New York ; from I)esign8 by C. R. Leslie, A.R.A., engraved by
iScriren, Heath, Rolls, Romney, W, and E. Finden, A. W. Warren. 8vo.
1/. lis, 6d, biily iTwenty-fiVe Copies proofs, India,. FiHy Copi^ only,
4io., proofs.
VIII;
A Second Series of Curiosities of UteratUfe, consisting qt
Researches in Literary, Biographical, and Politicid History— of
Critical and I%ilosophiciil Inquffies— and of Secret History. By
L D*IsRABLi, Esq. 8 Vob. 8to. S6f. Also a Seventh Edition of
the First Siiries. 5 vols, post 8vq. 35^.
f^ifyf
*>.?»»
WORKS JUST PUBLISHED.
IX.
Kniitikier, a Tale, by HA&&ii:T Leis. Fifth Bdition, Std. ««. €d,
X.
Werner, a Tragedy. By the Rt Hon* Lord Braoif . 8to« 6«. dct
XI.
Pabeoromaica, or Historical and Pbilologicat Disquisilionst
inquiring whether the Hellenistic Style is not Latin-^Greek ^ wheliier the
many New Words in the Elzevir Greek Testament are not formed from
the Latin ? and whether the Hypotiiesis, that the Greek Text of many
Manuscripts of the New Testament is a Translation or Re-translatioa
from the Latin, seems not to elucidate numerous Passages ; to accounl
for the different Recengions ; and to explain many Phenomena hitherto
in^xpliciOile to Biblical Critics ? 8vo. l6f.
XU.
» • • • • '
The Story pf our First Parents, in one continued Narratitei
selected from Milton^s Paradise Lost. For the use of Young Persons.
By Mrs. Siduon^. Sto* St. 6d,
xiii-
A Letter to the Proprietor and Occupiers of Land, on the Causes
of and the Remedies of Agricultural Distresses. By Thomas, Lord
Erskinb. Svo. Sf.
XIV.
Webh Scenery — Views in Wales, engraved in the best
Line manner, by Edward Findbn, from Drawings by Captain
Batty, of the Grenadier Guards, F.R.S.' To be completed in Twelre
l^umbers, each containing Five PlateiS^» with descriptive Letter-press, and
o appear regularly each Month. No. I., small 8vo., 5s. Proofs, 4to. 19lf.
Proofs on India Paper, and Etchings, \Ss.
XV.
A Series xjS Views of Spain and Portugal, to illustrate
Mr. Southey*s History of the Peninsular War; d^wn on Stone by.
W. Westall, A.R. A., from Sketches by General Hawkbr, Lockbr,
Esq., T. Hbapht, Esq.. &c. In 4to., to be completed in Three lWto«
Part L, containing Eight Views, illustrating Vol. L, 18f.
XVI.
State of the Cape of Good Hope in 1822. Being an authentic
Description of the Public Establishments, the Government, Civil and
Mumcipal ; the Manners of the Inhabitants, and the actual Condition of
the Settlers. Edited by H.' T. Colbbrooke, Esq. 8vo. ]8#«
'•^- y^ -
WORKS JUST PUBLISHED. 8
XVII.
An Aocount of the last Iixnbss, Decease, iand Post Mortem
Apfb ARANCB8 of NapoleoA Bndnapafte. By Archibald Arnott, M.D.
Surgeon ftOQk Reg^ent. To which is added, a Letter from Dr. Amott to
LieutenaiH-Oeneral SirHftdson Lowe, K.C.B., &c.,, giving a gaooiiiipt
Sti^temeiit of Napoleon Buonaparte*8 Disease and Demise. 8vo. 2s, 6tt,
XVIII.
A Letter to the JBarl of Liverpool on the Buhject of the Greeks.
By Thomas Lord Erskinb. Third Edition, with a Preface in conse-
qnenoe of the Circular from Verona. Svo. 8r. 6<2.
XIX.
The Connexion of Christianity -with Human Happiness. By the
Rev. William Harness, A.M. 2 Vols, post Svo. ISs,
XX.
Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs, discoverable in
MoJem Italy and Sicily. By the Rev. John Jabtbs Blunt, Fellow
of St, John's College, Cambridge, and late one of the Travelling Badielors
4 of that University. Svo. 9s. 6d.
XXI.
Memoir of the Operations of the Allied Armies under Prince
Schwarzenberg and Marshal Blucher, during the latter end of 1813
and the year 1814. By the Author of ihe "Memoirs of the Early Cam*
paigns of the Duke of Wellington.'' With numerous coloured Maps,
Plans, &c. Svo. Sl«.
XXII.
Narrative of the Expedition to D6ngola and Sennaar, under the
Command of his Excellency Isnmel Pacha. By an American in the
service of the Viceroy. Undertaken by order of his Highness Mehemmed
Ali Pacha, Viceroy of Egypt. Svo. 9s. 6rf.
xxin.
View of the State of Europe during the Middle A^es. By
Hbnrt Hallam, Esq. Third Edition, revised and corrected* 3 vols.
Svo. 36s.
XXIV.
Curiosities of Literature. By L DIsbaeli, Esq. Seventh
Edition, 5 vols, small Svo. SSs.
XXV.
Six Additional Plates, Coloured, illustrative of G. Belzoni's
Travels and Researches in Egypt and Nubia. Folio. 2Ss.
WORKS JUST PUBUSHGl/.
XXVI.
fUminigpfncPSf 9j Cbaues Bptlib^, Eiq. Third Editi#%
Svo, 9t,64>
xxvu.
A Commeiit on th^ Divine Comedy of Danle Aleghieri. Sio. Idju
XXVIII.
A Journej to Two of the Oases of Uppei ^gypt Bjr Sir
Aaobiba^b EBMOiTftTOif e, Bart. Witb Engnmngi. 8vo. I<lr. €d,
XXIX.
Notes during a Visit to Egjpt, Nubil^ the Oasis of Vgjpit
Mount Sinai^ and Jerusalem. By Sir FasnuaicK HavifiKBa, Bart,
With Plates. Octaro. 18f.
XXX.
The Poetical Works of the Rer. Gsobgb Cbabbk, pfinted,
Ibr the first time, umfomily,i and very hancbomely, in 5 vols. 8vo. S/. I2t, 6^
And also in 8 toIs., fc. 8to. 2/. 8i.
XXXL
Thirty-One Plates, to illustrate the Poei^s of Crabbe. EngraTed
Vy Heath, finnpi the Drawings <^ WestalL Proofs. 4to, 44 4«. Svo. A
fe. Sro.. S2. Sr «
XXXII.
The Poems of the Right Hon. Lord Qybon* a New Edition,
handsomely prioitej in 4 toIs. 8vo, 2/. 2s. A New Edition also in 5 vols.
small 8vo. 3St^
*«* The Tragedies, to coinplete these Editions, may he had separately.
XXXIII.
Pracehrid^ Hall ; or the Hummprists. P j the Aitffaor of the
Sketch Book. A New Edition, in if toIs. small 89^.. W:
XXXIV
Thoughts on the Greek Rerolution. By Chabi^es Bbinsi«kx
Sheridan. Second Edition. wtdiAdditloiisl Notes, 81ro.ar.64f.
XXXV.
Childhood, a Poem, By the Rev: Edwabd T. S. Hobnby, M.A.
Fellow of All Souls, Oxford. Second Edition, fe. 8to. 5s 6d.
-*j[^-*--r' ^s^
V. ,^. - . / W-^ e ^ ,
I.*-."
. A >. _j*.^. I
./■ ^' '• '■ / <'
y
\
i
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11